The Symbolic Use of Hunger in Literature :: essays research papers

The symbolic use of hunger in literatureThroughout history, both work force and women have struggled trying to achieve unattainable goals in the face of close-minded societies. Authors have often used this theme to develop stories of characters that face obstacles and are sometimes unable to overcome the stigma that is attached to them. This inability to rise above prejudice is many times illustrated with the metaphor of hunger. Not only do bulk suffer from physical hunger, but they also suffer from spiritual hunger a need to be full of life. When this spiritual hunger is not satisfied, it bum destroy a life, just as physical hunger can kill as well. Characters such(prenominal) as Edna Pontellier of Kate Chopins The Awakening, Hugh Wolfe of Rebecca Harding Davis Life in the Iron Mills, Jane Eyre of Charlotte Brontes novel, and the cleaning lady being force fed in Djuna Barnes How It Feels to Be Forcibly Fed all suffer from an insatiable hunger, which, in most cases, ultimately is not fulfilled. Poets such as Anna Wickham also describe the plight of humanity using hunger as a means to illustrate the feeling of deprivation. Although all of these characters come from different walks of life, they share a common struggle. Edna belongs to upper class Creole society, Hugh Wolfe is a poverty-stricken immigrant laborer, and Jane Eyre, an orphan. These characters lived during the middle to the end of the nineteenth century, in completely distinct worlds, all the same all had their creativity stifled by society. Similarly, Djuna Barnes poem of the British muliebrity who goes on a hunger strike in an attempt to get the choose and Anna Wickhams poem The Affinity describing the angst of a deprived married woman, both depict women who lived during the early twentieth century and, although different, were both suppressed in some way.Edna Pontellier was a woman who was forced to comply with the rules of Creole society, but, in being reluctant to do so, found herself in a world where she felt trapped. She saw how women were supposed to stand but did not have that behavior instilled in herself. She felt confined by her husbands expectations, and did not want to live out the typical role of wife and mother. When Robert came into her life, she began to feel that she was being awakened. She was beginning to experience life in a new light and the hunger for change began to emerge.

Coiled Tubing :: coil tube coiled tubing

First of all, what in the world is coiled tubing? Otherwise referred to as CT, coiled tubing is a manufactured product used in field operations such as well service, workover applications (petroleum industry well work), and drilling and completion applications. Just as is sounds, CT is essentially a constant tube with a diam of .75 inches up to 4.5 inches that is reeled onto a spool, which has a core diameter of approximately eight to twelve feet. The tubing is made from rolling strip metal, usually a carbon based steel, into cylindrical form and weld along its entire length. The longitudinal weld is made using a high-frequency knowledgeableness electrical resistance method. The welding process produces a small amount of weld flash on both the in font and distant of the tube. This is removed from the outside diameter of the tube after welding by a carbide cutting tool contoured to the diameter of the tube being produced. The weld vein is instantly re-heated to re-crystalli ze the welded zona to match the grain composition of the base metal. So in other words, you have this extremely long steel tubing coiled up manage a garden hose on reel without any visible end welds. The entire length is non-destructively inspected, then gauged and hydrostatically tested to assure the pipe meets guest specifications prior to shipment. A single spool can carry an average length of approximately 15,000 feet but have been fabricated up to 30,000 feet depending on the diameter of the tubing.Tubing continuously wraps and unwraps over its spool and over the tubing directional arch (gooseneck) as it goes in and out of the well. This bending and straightening causes an extreme amount of put one across and tear. This process is known as cyclic bending and along with the internal pressure may result in a life expectancy of less(prenominal) than 100 cycles. Another downfall is the tendency for the walls to thin, thus increasing the diameter of the tubing as cycles incr ease. Tests have shown up to 30% increase in the diameter. This elastic type growth is sometimes referred to as ballooning. This effect is worse on the tubing that does not rotate during deployment and the walls thin more on one side that the other. Elongation is another effect that results from the forces of fieldwork, with reports stating up to ten feet of permanent elongation per trip

Comparing George Eliot’s Adam Bede and Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Mark

Comparing George Eliots ten Bede and Christina Rossettis Goblin lay outetGeorge Eliots Adam Bede offers a lifelike and highly detailed relish into the everyday life of everyday people in rural Treddleston. Although the characters atomic number 18 fictional, several of them are based upon people Eliot knew or knew of, which adds to the realism. As she delightedly observes and describes the intricacies of the natural, ordinary world, Eliot pays attention to human nature, applying keen psychological insight to characters thoughts, choices, and actions. Eliot seems to understand that definite people are a certain way, and she encourages her reader to gently evaluate, rather than hurriedly judge, both her characters and people in general. Within the novel, Hettys infatuation with Arthur, and the personal shame, social ostracism, and legal punishment she experiences as a result, require an extra demigod of empathy and understanding. Eliot demonstrates the characteristics th at render Hetty liable to a fall and shows, using Dinah as a contrasting example, how the stereotypic perception of the move woman needs to be change in order to allow for human weaknesses and mistakes. Christina Rossetti also provides an insightful look into the problem of the fallen woman, and of the perception of this kind of woman, in Goblin Market. Unlike Eliot, who uses realistic characterization and carefully detailed prose, Rossetti relates her views through fantastical characters and highly energized poetry. Although they work within variant genres, however, Eliot and Rossetti both challenge the stereotypical understanding of what it means for a woman to be innocent or experienced. Through the contrasting natures of sisters Laura and Lizzie,... ...eaders to challenge their own nonions of what is and is not acceptable, and to have compassion on those who, for reasons not always prosperous to control, have made poor choices. Eliot and Rossetti both seem to realize a paradox of womanhood women must be kept innocent and protected from certain types of knowledge, but if they are not made aware of this knowledge, they may be prone to qualification foolish choices that cannot be undone. Eliots telling of Hettys stratum is like Laura passing on her story to her daughters they aim to educate women so that they might evolve from others mistakes. Works CitedEliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996. Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The squeamish Age. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Comparing George Eliots Adam Bede and Christina Rossettis Goblin MarkComparing George Eliots Adam Bede and Christina Rossettis Goblin MarketGeorge Eliots Adam Bede offers a realistic and highly detailed look into the everyday life of ordinary people in rural Treddleston. Although the characters are fictional, several of th em are based upon people Eliot knew or knew of, which adds to the realism. As she delightedly observes and describes the intricacies of the natural, ordinary world, Eliot pays attention to human nature, applying keen psychological insight to characters thoughts, choices, and actions. Eliot seems to understand that certain people are a certain way, and she encourages her reader to gently evaluate, rather than hastily judge, both her characters and people in general. Within the novel, Hettys infatuation with Arthur, and the personal shame, social ostracism, and legal punishment she experiences as a result, require an extra dose of empathy and understanding. Eliot demonstrates the characteristics that render Hetty liable to a fall and shows, using Dinah as a contrasting example, how the stereotypical perception of the fallen woman needs to be adjusted in order to allow for human weaknesses and mistakes. Christina Rossetti also provides an insightful look into the problem of the fa llen woman, and of the perception of this kind of woman, in Goblin Market. Unlike Eliot, who uses realistic characterization and carefully detailed prose, Rossetti relates her views through fantastical characters and highly energized poetry. Although they work within different genres, however, Eliot and Rossetti both challenge the stereotypical understanding of what it means for a woman to be innocent or experienced. Through the contrasting natures of sisters Laura and Lizzie,... ...eaders to challenge their own notions of what is and is not acceptable, and to have compassion on those who, for reasons not always easy to control, have made poor choices. Eliot and Rossetti both seem to realize a paradox of femininity women must be kept innocent and protected from certain types of knowledge, but if they are not made aware of this knowledge, they may be prone to making foolish choices that cannot be undone. Eliots telling of Hettys story is like Laura passing on her story to her d aughters they aim to educate women so that they might learn from others mistakes. Works CitedEliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996. Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Victorian Age. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.

Our Town - An Essay On Theme Of The Play :: essays research papers

The theme of the play has to do with the way that life is an endless cycle. Youre born, you have any(prenominal) happy times, you have some bad times, and then you die. As the years pass by, everything seems to change. But all in all there is little change. The lie always rises in the early morning, and sets in the evening. The seasons always rotate like they always have. The birds are always chirping. And there is always somebody that has life a little bit worse than your own.In act one when the stage manager pulls Mr. Webb out of the play to talk with him on page 528, the lady in the box asks "Oh Mr. Webb? Mr. Webb is there any culture or love of beauty in Grovers Corners?". Mr. Webb her, there isnt much culture the way she might think, but "... weve got a lot of pleasures of a kind here We like the sun comin up over the mountain in the morning, and we all notice a good divvy up about the birds. We pay a lot of attention to them. And we watch the change of the seaso ns..." These are the things that the people of Grovers Corners appreciate, the things we take for granted.Also in act one, after the sing rehearsal on page 532, Dr. and Mrs. Gibbs are gossiping about the town drunk. Dr. Gibbs says "I guess I know more about Simon Stimsons affairs than anybody in this town. Some people aint made for small-town life. I dont know how thatll end but theres nothing we can do but leave it alone." This shows that there is always someone that has things worse than you do.At the very beginning of act two when the stage manager tells that three years have gone by, but nothing has really changed, and the cycle continues. In act three at the beginning on page 547, the stage manager tells that nine years have gone by. " procrastinating changes in Grovers Corners." He then tells how horses are being replaced by Fords, and that people lock their doors now at night. Then he says, "Youd be surprised, thoughon the whole, things dont change m uch around here." Again this indicates the endless cycle.My idea of the theme of the play doesnt differ all that much from Wilders theme. My idea of the theme only adds to Wilders theme.

Should Australia Introduce Any Tax Or Gst Changes? :: essays research papers

Why do we need tax incomees?Taxation makes up majority of our establishments income. With this income the government can provide us with proper infrastructure and social services for little, if no cost at all. These include Medicare, social security and education. (These facilities are known as recurrent expenditures because it is needed time after time.) Other expenditures include transportation, lighting, recreation etc. These services are granted to us at no costs. In many tertiary world countries where taxation is low or doesnt exist, all of these services are to come out of ones own pocket. Over the many centuries, in which taxation was existent, pot have cheated and avoided paying these taxes. Nowadays people with high-income put their money into trusts, superannuation, or incorporate it into businesses. Businesses would try and receive more cash transactions. This has led to a strike in our governments revenues, thus leading to a tax reform in hope of a more effective re sult. What makes a good tax trunk?There are four elements in a successful tax system. They are effectiveness, efficiency, equitability, and simplicity. 1) Effectiveness is the performance compared to the desired effect. E.g. the number of people who pays tax, how much tax is received.2) Efficiency is the cost of running the system. The system may be very effective with a million tax officers, but it would cost millions to hire so many people. 3) Equitability is the fairness of the system. This is an impossible goal to achieve. From different peoples point of views, the system will always be unfair to them in some way. Not to note the tax cheats. The best solution is to broaden the number of people who pay the tax, which is only fair. 4) Simplicity A tax system should never be alike complexed, it is otherwise not streamlined neither understandable. The income tax Act that just started off at just 120 pages in 1936 is now over 3300 pages and has three-fold in size over the last 7 years. A complex system means that those who can afford expensive tax advice minimize their tax. only when those that cant, pay the full share. It is impossible to have a system where all four elements are satisfactory. Where a system may be effective and efficient it will not be equitable or simple. It is impossible to fit the whole population all under one roof. Under these circumstances the government proposed a new way of taxation- GST.

Should Australia Introduce Any Tax Or Gst Changes? :: essays research papers

Why do we need assesses?Taxation makes up absolute majority of our governments income. With this income the government can provide us with proper infrastructure and social services for little, if no cost at all. These include Medic ar, social security and education. (These facilities are known as recurrent expenditures because it is needed time after time.) Other expenditures include transportation, lighting, recreation etc. These services are granted to us at no costs. In many 3rd world countries where evaluateation is low or doesnt exist, all of these services are to come out of ones own pocket. over the many centuries, in which taxation was existent, people have cheated and avoided paying these taxes. Nowadays people with high-income put their money into trusts, superannuation, or incorporate it into businesses. Businesses would try and receive more(prenominal) cash transactions. This has led to a decrease in our governments revenues, thus leading to a tax reform in hope of a more effectual result. What makes a good tax transcription?There are four elements in a successful tax system. They are effectiveness, efficiency, equitability, and simplicity. 1) Effectiveness is the performance compared to the desire effect. E.g. the number of people who pays tax, how much tax is received.2) Efficiency is the cost of running the system. The system may be very effective with a million tax officers, but it would cost millions to hire so many people. 3) Equitability is the fairness of the system. This is an impossible goal to achieve. From different peoples point of views, the system will always be cheating(prenominal) to them in some way. Not to mention the tax cheats. The best solution is to broaden the number of people who pay the tax, which is only fair. 4) Simplicity A tax system should never be too complexed, it is otherwise not efficient neither under(a)standable. The income tax Act that just started off at just cxx pages in 1936 is now over 3300 pages and has doubled in size over the last 7 years. A complex system means that those who can fall in expensive tax advice minimize their tax. But those that cant, pay the full share. It is impossible to have a system where all four elements are satisfactory. Where a system may be effective and efficient it will not be equitable or simple. It is impossible to fit the whole population all under one roof. Under these circumstances the government proposed a new way of taxation- GST.

Performance Appraisal Essay

Performance Appraisal is a formal management remains that provides for the evaluation of the quality of an individuals surgical process in an organization, and is usually prepared by the employees immediate supervisor, and the procedure typically requires the supervisor to engorge out a standardized assessment form that evaluates the individual on several different dimensions and then discusses the result of the evaluation to the employee (Grote, 2002).According to Grote, too often, motion appraisal is seen merely as a once-a-year drill mandated by the personnel department, but in organizations that take performance appraisal seriously and use the trunk well, it is used as an ongoing process and not merely as an annual event. To obtain the best information possible if performance appraisal information must be used, four phase model of performance appraisal must be used, and these are through, performance planning, performance execution, and performance review.In performance pla nning, this is usually set at the beginning of the year, the conductor and individual get together for a performance-planning face-off in which they discuss what a person give achieve over the next 12 months. In the performance execution, the manager provides coaching and feedback to the individuals to increase the probability of success and creates the condition that motivate and resolves any performance problems that arise and in the mid centering through the year, they meet to review the individuals performance thus far against the plans and goals that they discussed in the performance planning meeting (Grote, 2002).In performance assessment, the manager reflects on how well the subordinate has performed over the course of the year, assembles the various forms of paperwork that the organization provides to make this assessment, and fills them out, and the manager also recommend a change in individuals compensation based on the quality of the individuals work (Grote, 2002). The completed assessment form is then reviewed and approved by the appraisers boss, department head, or the compensation manager.In performance review, the manager and the subordinate meet, usually about an hour, and they review the appraisal form that the manager has written and talked about how well the person performed over the past 12 months, and at the end of the review meeting, they set a date to meet again to hold a performance-planning discussion for the next 12 months, at which point the performance management process anew (Grote, 2002). Self-ratings fit to this approach in the way that, it is needed by the manager in the performance assessment to be able to fully evaluate the employee.

Main computer network system Essay

An overview of the body requirements (hardware, software, data, personnel, procedures and ethical issues). ? Hardware We gather up computer hardware and communications hardware for our business. Base on that, we need 1. main computer network system controls main business operations of the supermarket 2. Sub computer network system for advertising activities for advertising activities such as creating a homepage, making fliers, and direct emailing to the customers. 3. Security system monitors gates and the inside of the supermarket.We need to purchase operating system software and other application software we need for our company such as 1. Supermarket application package (for the main computer network system) large scale business computer application designed for supermarket retailers unquestionable by high technology computer companies such as Microsoft and IBM. Including these systems and functions Operation systems and networking systems e. g. Windows NT and IBM OS 2. 0 Secur ity function e. g. password for entering databases Front-end operation system e. g. cashiers Store opening and ending system.Accounting and financing system Inventory control system and sales analysis system Human resource nurture system Correcting errors, updating and supporting system by the software company 2. Publishing software and homepage builder for advertising activities such as creating fliers, managing a homepage of the supermarket, and creating hypertext markup language based e-mails for the customers. 3. Operation system (for the security system) Runs the security system for the supermarket. We need it but it is usually already installed and included when we purchase the security system.

The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis paper describes the Matlab and simulink converts into actuality of the DC motor velocity control methods, viz. field oppositeness, armature opposition control methods and armature electromotive force, and feedback control system of rules for DC motor thrusts and this paper describes mathematical modeling, simulation of DC motor system utilizing computing machine simulations Matlab and simulink, by this system response to alter assorted parametric quantities like system stableness, perturbations, analysis and optimisation of theoretical account parametric quantities with regard to the quality of control. If simulation techniques be used for finding the control parameters a simulation theoretical account is necessary, which has to be constructed from the analytical theoretical account.IntroductionDC take is an electrical motor and it closely unremarkably used in an electrical device for easy to drive the instruments, steel turn overing Millss, electric Cranes, and robotic operators due to precise, broad, simple, and uninterrupted control features. To command the velocity of economic crisis power DC Motor rheostatic armature control method were used. The basic parts of the DC motor ar- axle, rotor ( armature ) , stator, commutator, field magnet, and coppices. In the geometry of coppices, commutator contacts, and rotor twists are put in such a mode so that when power is applied so mutual oppositions of the energized twist and the stator magnets are misaligned and the rotor will come down to revolve until it is about aligned with the stator s field magnets. When the rotor reaches to alignment, the coppices move to following commutator contacts, and stimulate the following twist.There are unsettled types of DC Motor available in market with the good and bad qualities. Bad quality means slowdown in efficiency. To retrieve or end this sort efficiency job accountant is introduce in the system.Brushed DC motors are most widely used in applicat ions and its ranging from plaything to push-button adjustable auto seats. Brushed DC ( BDC ) motors are cheap but easy to drive.Brushed DC motors are easy available in all coat and form with the broad scope from large-scale industrial theoretical accounts to little motors for light applications ( such as 12 V DC motors ) ..BDC motors are most normally used in easy to drive, with variable velocity and high start-up torsion applications.AimThe Fig.1 shows the parallels electrical circuit.ModelingThe circuit which was given is drawn in the Matlab by utilizing simulink. In the circuit diagram the flow of currentBLOCK DIAGRAMFigure shows the block diagram of DC motorTRANSFER FUNCTIONK/ ( Ls+R ) ( Js+f ) +K2 i?1/sVappFig 4.1. Transfer FunctionState SPACE MODELAs we hit the sack that,V- . . ( 1 ).. ( 2 )Substituting equation ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) . ( 3 ) . ( 4 ) . ( 5 )Substituting ( 5 ) in ( 4 ) ( 6 )Differentiating ( 6 ) , we get in.. ( 7 )Puting ( 3 ) in ( 7 ) , we get ( 8 )Now ( 9 )Subs tituting ( 9 ) in ( 8 ) , we getWe know that x=Ax + BuY=Cx + DuX=The State Space Model represents by the additive equation and it is written as.x= Ax + BuY = Cx + DuBelow figure shows the province infinite theoretical account ( Calculation is in appendix )Figure 5.1 State Space ModelPHYSICAL SystemSee a DC Motor, in this electrical circuit of the armature and free organic structure diagram of rotor are shown in figure below.hypertext transfer protocol //zone.ni.com/cms/images/devzone/tut/mpm-2-motor1.gif fixation DC Motor is a common actuator in control systems.Brushed DC Motor basicssA Brushed DC Motor consists of stationary quick-frozen lasting magnets i.e. stator, a revolving electromagnetic i.e. rotor and flux, which is concentrated by metal. Rotor rotate by the attractive force of the opposite rod cells and repulsive force of the similar poles, it cause to perplex forth torsion and torque Acts of the Apostless on rotor and so do it turn. As the rotor start to revolve or tu rn so fixed coppices make and interrupt the contact in such a manner that with the revolving sections ( transpose ) . The rotor spiral of the brushed motor energized and de-energized in such a manner so that the rotor start to bends. By reassigning the power to the motor, current generate in rotor spirals and therefore the North and south poles are reversed and because of the motor change the way. From the Strength of the magnetic field, velocity and torsion of the motor dependFigure ( 1 ) Brushed DC MotorPrinciple OPERATIONConstruction and operation of the Brushed DC Motor is shown below in figure ( 2 ) .for the building of the BDC motor ever the same constituents are required i.e. Stator, rotor, commutator and coppice.Figure ( 2 ) Simple two-pole brushed DC MotorStatorThe rotor surrounded by the stationary magnetic field which is generated by the stator and this filed is generated by the lasting magnet or electromagnetic twist. On the building of the stator, different types of BDC distinguish.RotorRotor is besides known as an armature and it is made up of one or more twists. Magnetic field is produce when they energized. When the opposite pole of the magnetic poles, pull to each other which is generated by the stator, and doing the rotor to turns. The opposite poles are ever pulling to each other. As the motor turns, the twists are universe invariably energized. This divergence of the field in the rotor is called as an armature.Brushs and commutatorThere is no demand of accountant in BDC to exchange current in motor twist. The commuting twist of the BDC motor is done automatically. Reside on the axel of rotor there is a metameric Cu arms called commutator. Carbon brushes slides over the commutator coming in a contact with the different sections of the commutator as the motor starts to turn. When the electromotive force is applied across the coppices of the motor so dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor. Brushes and commutator are the most of import parts of the BDC motor that are most prone to have on because they are the skiding portion to each other.Speed ControlThe Speed of a DC Motor is straight relative to the electromotive force. By utilizing the digital accountant electromotive force can be control and to bring forth the mean electromotive force pulse-width spiel ( PWM ) signal is used. In motor there is a motor weaving which acts as a low base on balls filter so PWM go a suited current in the motor twist.AdvantageCheap in monetary value because low cost of building.Widen a life by successor a coppice.Cheap motor and simple control.Speed/Torque is normal at high velocity.On fixed velocity no control is required, ascendance is required merely at variable velocity in this status same accountant can be used.DisadvantageCare is required for brushed DC Motor because of coppice.If the coppice clash additions, cut down the utile torsion.Heat dissipation is hapless because of internal rotor building.Speed scope is limited because of the mechanical limitation on coppices.Life is besides shorter.Noise is generated due to brush.Application illustrationstraveling playthings, fans, pressmans, automatons, electric motorcycles, -doors, -windows, -sun roofs, -seats, sociables, nutrient processors, can openers, liquidizers, vacuity cleaners, toothbrushes, razors, java bombers, etc.Physical ParametersMoment of inactiveness of the motor ( J ) = 9.89 E-7 kilogram Nm s/radMuffling ratio of the mechanical system ( B ) = 5.84E-7 Nm s/radElectromotive force or motor ceaseless ( K=Ke=Kt ) = 0.008 Nm/-wElectric opposition ( R ) = 0.80 ohmsElectric induction ( L ) = 0.00041HFriction coefficient, degree FahrenheitInput ( V ) Beginning voltageOutput ( theta ) place of shaftthe rotor and shaft are assumed to be stiffDecisionBrushed DC motors are really simple to utilize and easy to command,which makes them a short design-in point. PICmicrocontrollers, particularly those with CCP or ECCPfaculties are ideally suited for driving BDC motors.Refferencehypertext transfer protocol //www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/09/26/circuit-diagram-for-dc-motor-control-by-a-collinshypertext transfer protocol //www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN10513.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00905a.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.orientalmotor.com/MotionControl101/AC-brushless-brushed-motors.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00885a.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.dynetic.com/brushless % 20vs % 20brushed.htmfile ///D /matlab/index.php.htm

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

The affinity between Eliezer and his get in the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel is interesting because of the track the relationship strengthens and weakens over the course of the book. The relationship is also interesting because of the way Eliezer allows others (inmates, Kapos, etc. ) to affect the way he feels towards his founder. In Night, the relationship between Eliezer and his father is, at first, not smashed.This is shown when Eliezer rebels against his fathers wishes of not studying Kabbalah and seeks guidance for this subject from the town hobo, Moishe the Beadle And Moishe the Beadle, the poorest of the poor of Sighet, spoke to me for hours on end about the Kabbalahs revelations and its mysteries. (Section 1, Paragraph 5, Page 5). Eliezers father is a highly respected and very intelligent man and his opinion on public and private matters is a great deal sought after in their community, Eliezer however, describes his father as a rather unsentimental man and more involve d with the welfare of others than with that of his own kin. (Section 1, Paragraph2, Page 4).This makes the relationship between Eliezer and his father interesting because even though their relationship is weak, his father still play a big part in telling Eliezer what he can and cannot do and the role of his life in the family my place was in the house of study, or so they said (Section 1, Paragraph 3, Page 4) During their time unitedly in Auschwitz, Eliezer and his father begin to grow closer. Eliezer demonstrates this when asked if he would like to be placed into a good Kommando and he replies with of course.But on one restrict I want to stay with my father. (Section 4, Page 48, Paragraph 2). This may be because any strength and support they have left could only be put up in each other My fathers presence was the only thing that stopped me from allowing myself to die I had no right to let myself die. What would he do without me? I was his sole support (Section 6, Page 87, Par agraph 1) This makes the relationship more intriguing because it almost seems like Eliezer and his father are only continuing to lead so the other has the strength to live too.By the time Eliezer and his father reach Gleiwitz, Eliezers father is dying and becoming increasingly weaker. Eliezer is now ever looking after his father and giving him most of his rations, though is seems, Eliezer is doing this grudgingly I gave him what was left of my soup. But my heart was heavy. (Section 9, Page 107, Paragraph 3). This is most believably due to the influence of other inmates and what the Blockalteste told him about Auschwitz being a place where it is every man for himself Listen to me, kid. Dont forget you are in a concentration camp.In this place, it is every man for himself, and you cannot think about others In this place, there is no such thing as father, brother You cannot assistance him anymore. (Section 9, Page 110, Paragraph 3). This makes their relationship interesting bec ause Eliezer, though he loves his father dearly, is now stuck between the choice of continuing to nurse his father, or to let him die. A hard choice for anyone to make. A strong theme that comes through in Night that readers can see from Eliezer and his fathers relationship is the importance of strong father-son/family bonds.Three times Eliezer discusses moments that destroyed a bond between father and son. He states that these moments were brought upon them by the conditions of which the prisoners were forced to live in and to endure, these moments when a son sacrificed his father to save himself the pipel abusing his father, the boy killing his father for a mere crust of bread, and the horrible motives of Rabbi Eliahous son. All of this is interesting in contrast to Eliezer and his fathers bond because their relationship demonstrates love and solidarity Well take turns.Ill watch over you and youll watch over me. (Section 8, Page 88, Paragraph 3). Their relationship shows us that love is a strong force of survival, much stronger than mans instinct for self-preservation. In conclusion, the relationship between Eliezer and his father is interesting because of the way the relationship is shaped over the course of the book by different events. Their relationship strengthens in Auschwitz, is weakened momentarily by the actions of other inmates in Buchenwald, but comes through strong in the end because of their love for each other.

Live in the Present with Memories of the Past Essay

Human Society is a long period of create and developing. From the time man lived in dank caves to nowadays when he lives in such a advance(a) life with a lot of excellent facilities. The modern life, the excellent facilities was not a present from god. It was made by people of all generations who al styluss learned from the past and developed everything they had learned from it. Thus, I on the whole disagree with the statement above that skill about the past has no value. The first reason for this is that learning about the past brings us all the acquaintance and information in the past.Without yesterday, at that place is no today. A society can develop only when its people inherit and understand the achievements of the precursors because the precursors achievements were the foundation for everything to develop.. For example, before 1964 there was only black-and-white television but until now there are kinds of colour televisions that are slim and innovative such as LCD TV The black-and-white television made the basis and gave inventors idea to develop the modern TV nowadays.Consequently our knowledge, success today is the result of constant work of our ancestors before. Secondly, learning about the past is very essential because it makes us doubt and take consideration into earlier assumptions. For that reason, people provide find out mistakes that were made in the past. This will show us which roads not to ever go down again and put human in a right way to develop. Learning about the past is not only learning about the history but also is learning from our and the others mistakes.By this way of learning, people will become more and more experienced and never make the same mistakes again. Additionally, if learning about the past has no value, people in the world could speak, could compile by themselves without learning from anyone. This is impossible so the value of the past, in this case are the parents, are undeniable. In a nutshell, the past is alwa ys a superb teacher and we are still bad students who crave for knowledge. Denying the past also means that we are destroying the present and our future because no one can head start without ground to stand on.

Which theory best explains the development of EU environmental policy?

The successful development of EU external surroundingsal form _or_ system of government has been the subject of much recent study inwardly various disciplines. One promising possibleness for cross-disciplinary researches of EU environmental policy invokes the concept of worldwideistic government. Regime theory might expect to explain a great deal about the development of EU environmental policy in global environmental personal business.It is insightful to consider the EU environmental policy as a authorities given that the regime definition almost frequently cited is so broad as to certainly include the EU where norms, rules and decision-making procedures in a given area of international relations (Krasner, 1983, p. 2) are said to be in existence. This sort of theory would enable one to consider the connections amidst the institutions of the EU and the member states.It may explain the inter-state relationship that lies behind the formation and development of EU internatio nal environmental policy. Te positions the EU projects in international affairs are evidently themselves the product of inte ataraxis mediation and agreed bargaining directed by institutions. This paper depart consider the work of both international relations (IR) and international law (IL) scholars to evaluate regime theory as instrument of EU environmental policy, using ozone layer depletion case study as specific example. Main Body International Regime TheoryAlthough international regimes were used much earlier by IL as a performer of giving an account of legal regulation in unregulated areas (Connelly and metalworker 2002, p. 190), the regime theory has gained signifi stomachce originally within the discipline of IR. The regime theory was developed to explain stability in the international system despite the absence or decline of domination (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 202). It is only in the 1990th that regime theory has again become the focal point of legal scholars searchin g for ways to stimulate international cooperation (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 10). This requires the organization into a unified frame of the disciplines of IR and IL, the relationships mingled with them having been one of mutual neglect, as explained by Hurrell and Kingsbury Regime theorists have tended to neglect the particular status of legal rules, to downplay the links among specific sets of rules and the broader structure of the international legal system, and to underrate the complexity and variety of legal rules, processes, and procedures.On the otherwise hand, theoretical accounts of international . . . law have very much paid rather little explicit attention to the political bargaining processes that underpin the emergence of new(a) norms of international . . . law, to the role of power and interest in inter-state negotiations, and to the range of political factors that explain whether states will or will not comply with rules. (1992, p. 12) There is no absolute ag reement on what precisely forms an international regime.Goldie, in one of his works in this area, described regimes as (1) the acceptance, amongst a group of States, of a community of laws and of legal ideas (2) the mutual respect and recognition accorded by certain States to the unilateral policies of others acting in substantial conformity with their own, enmeshing all the States concerned in a regime with respect to those policies (3) a common loyalty, among a group of States, to the principle of abstention regarding a common resource. 1962, p. 698) Thomas Gehring (1990) presents a more integrated work in this area, in particular as it come apart addresses the role of IL in international regime theory. He identifies international regimes as the regulations, developed within the context of a consultation of parties to the regime, governing a specific area of IR. Within this structure, IL is the search for unanimity and agreement on the priorities and plans for international acti on.Once these are made clear, norms will develop as to how to carry out these priorities and plans, resulting in accepted norms or shared expectations concerning the behaviour of states (Gehring, 1990, p. 37). Certainly, this progress from priority setting to norm gradual development takes time, but it is the regime structure that allows for the process to take place at all. Thus, regimes create the building blocks for the development of norms and rules.Development of EU Environmental Policy and Regime Theory. The influence of EU within environmental affairs cannot be disregarded as the environment in general has to a great extent become a effect of international concern. Of the many international organisations and specialised bodies dealing with environmental issues, the one mostly associated with such work is the European Union. Among other bodies and specialized agencies, the EU is most closely involved in environmental affairs. Regime theory is the most commonly employed theore tical paradigm in the study of EU international environmental politics.The study of the EU focuses upon how the EU affects the prospects of regime-building and how it may create the path of international cooperation. By signing up to agreements on behalf of its member states, the EU increases the setting of a regime by increasing the obligations of states that may in a different way have adopted lower standards. The EU pulls states into commitments. Often, however, the convoy analogy (Bretherton and Vogler 1997, p. 22) more precisely describes the process, whereby action is delayed by the slowest part of the train.This effect is seen during the ozone negotiations. Despite the attempts of Denmark and Germany to push things forward, the precluding tactics of France and the UK were able to ensure that on many cause the EU was condemned to immobility (Jachtenfuchs, 1990, p. 265). Yet, by coordinating the position of (currently) 27 member nations in environmental negotiations, the Comm ission makes smaller the complexity of negotiations and decreases insistings upon international organisations to perform that function.Approaches informed by regime theory would also help to see the leadership role of the EU as an effort to originate cooperation conditional on the involvement of other parties. Hence the statement of a greenhouse gas decrease target as early as 1990 was planned as a first transmit in the nice, reciprocate, retaliate strategy that Connelly and Smith (2002, p. 269 indicated is the necessary to cooperation. Paterson (1996, p. 105) notes, for example, that The announcement of the EU target in October 1990 was explicitly designed to influence the outcome of the Second World mood Conference and to precipitate international negotiations.Usually, however, IR perspectives tend to overlook the significance of intra-country dynamics to the creation of positions in international agreements. This factor severely restricts their applicability to EU decision-mak ing development. In spite of that, in the ozone case it could be argued a combination of domestic and international tweets best explain the role of the EU in creating and supporting the regime in question. The EU is as one unit in this case.The four relationships are one between member states and the EU between the EU organisations in their internal power efforts among the boards of directors and eventually between the various boards of directors and interest groups (Matlary, 1997, p. 146). With the EU environmental policy one clearly has a regime within a regime. Models of multi-level governance used to explain the policy development within Europe may be extended to include the international dimension.Viewed from this perspective, EU international environmental negotiations become a site of debate between transnational networks of environment departments from government and regional economical institutions working together with NGOs and sympathetic international organisations (su ch as UNEP), set against networks including Trade and Industry departments, business lobbies and international organisations which promote the interests of industry (such as UNIDO ( United Nations Industrial Development Organisation)) (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 36). The interconnected groups operate horizontally and vertically and across national, regional and international levels including state and non-state players alike in strategic unions established on particular issues. Cooperation in Environmental Problems Collaboration is delineated by the game, wherein each state follows a dominant strategy that leads to suboptimal payoffs for both. Regime theory presents the EU primarily as a tool.The EU deliberately seeks to commute the system, design strategies to do so, and attempts to implement the strategies. To assess the development of EU environmental policy in environmental cooperation, then, two potential roles of the EU must be examined the EU as tool and the EU as independ ent advocate. The EU helps states overcome the complexity of issues to arrive at coordination equilibrium. States usually remain concerned that others will exploit them, and the EU is needed to increase confidence in compliance.As independent actor, the EU is expected to play a significant role in environmental cooperation. Increased autonomy of the EU on some environmental issues and the increased needs of states to rely on them for collaboration and coordination allow those organizations with unified leadership and significant resources to have independent effects. Ozone The First Global Challenge The development of the regime intended to limit the release into the atmosphere of ozone-depleting chemicals is in many ways a case of EU-US relations.The key turning points in the development of the process of negotiating from a framework throng at Vienna through to legally lofty an obligation protocol commitments at Montreal, London and Copenhagen reflect changes in the negotiating position of the EU and the US (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 230). The development of ozone polices can be traced back to 1977. The can ban established in the US put the US in conditions to push for a global ban on chlorofluorocarbons.Process of negotiating moved very little by little at first against strong European opposition to cuts in CFCs, despite a Council resolution in March 1980 restricting the use of CFCs, reacting to American pressure and increasing public concern over the ozone problems. The supporters of controls (the US, Canada, the Nordic states, Austria and Switzerland), met together in 1984 to create the Toronto group. The EU initially indicated that no controls were necessary. However, eventually it admitted that a production force cap may be required and presented a draft protocol that included their 1980 measures.The offered 30 per cent reduction was without difficulty achievable because use was already declining (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 200) and in essence s erved to fix the status quo (Jachtenfuchs, 1990). The deadlock that resulted between the EU and the Toronto group made certain that only a framework convention could be made at Vienna. This promised intercommunion in research and monitoring and promotion of information-sharing. At the March 1986 assemblyof the EU Council of Ministers, the EU took a position of a 20 per cent CFC production cut.This was partly impelled by the threat of unilateral action by the US to impose trade sanctions against the EU (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 261). The Montreal protocol later agreed in September 1987 required cuts of 50 per cent from 1986 levels of production and use of the five principal CFCs by 1999. The figure of a 50 per cent cut was established as a settlement of a dispute by concessions on both sides between the EUs proposed freeze and the USs aim for a 95 per cent cut.The protocol contained an interval for the implementation of the Protocol by less developed countries, restrictive meas ures on trade with non-members and an ozone fund for engineering transport. This latter element of the agreement is especially important for the EU for, as Jachtenfuchs (1990, p. 272) states, The success of the EUs environmental diplomacy in this important field will to a large extent depend on how far it is able to provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries.As a regional economic integration organisation, the EU was granted permission to meet consumption limits together rather than country by country. This was planned to assure some transfers of national CFC production quotas among EU member-states in order to allow commercial producers in Europe to improve production processes cost-effectively. Despite this concession, some European members in the Protocol process believed that they were bullied into an agreement favourable to US industry, dubbing the Montreal agreement The DuPont Protocol (Parsons, 1993, p. 61).In spite of that, on 14 October 1988 the Coun cil adopted a law, transforming every aspect of the Protocol into EU lawmaking. The law came into force instantly in order to emphasise the importance of the issue and to prevent trade distortions which might emerge from non-simultaneous use of the new legislation (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 269). At the March assembly of the EU Environment Council which took place in 1989, the UK after a long delay joined the rest of the EU in agreeing to phase-out all CFCs as soon as possible but not later than 2000 (Parsons, 1993, p. 47).At the same time France submitted to external pressure to drop its uncompromising position. The London assembly of the members in June 1990 was consequently able to agree that all entirely halogenated CFCs would be phased-out by the year 2000, with successive decrease of 85 per cent in 1997 and 50 per cent in 1995. Some member states have gone beyond the restrictions stated in the international agreements, however. Germany, for instance, has passed legislation stating that CFCs be removed by 1993, halons by 1996, HCFC 22 by 2000 and CT (carbon tetrachloride) and MC (methyl chloroform) by 1992 (Parsons, 1993).On another hand, behind the diplomacy of the negotiations between the states, the case is in a fundamental way one of the competing positions of the chemical companies, chiefly, ICI (in the UK), Du Pont (in the US) and Atochem (in France). Industry agents served formally on European national delegations through the whole of the process. EU industrialists believed that American companies had endorsed CFC controls in order to enter the profitable EU export markets with substitute products that they had secretly developed (Benedick, 1991, p. 23). The EU followed the industry line and reflected the views of France, Italy and the United dry land in its policy. The significance of these commercial considerations is easily noticed in the persistent efforts to define cuts in HFCs and HCFCs (perceived to be the best alternative to CFCs). The EU has found it baffling to come to an agreeable position on reducing the production and consumption of these chemicals because substitute chemicals were not yet easily available.Indecision could also be explained by the fact that some European producers wanted to establish export markets for HCFCs in the less developed south. The differing commercial interests regarding the ozone issue presented the difficulty the EU faced in its effort to formulate common policy positions in international environmental process of negotiating. This case demonstrates that ozone depletion was one of the first global environmental issues to create a coordinated and consentient international response.Despite remaining weakness in the ozone regime it is regarded to be one of the few tangible successes of EU international environmental policy taking into account that governments took action before certain proof of environmental disaster had occurred. The EU has explicit rules, agreed upon by governments, and provides a framework for the facilitation of ongoing negotiations for the development of rules of law. Regime theory regards EU international environmental policy as a means by which states solve collective environment problems.Regime theory, as well as most current studies of cooperation in international politics, treats the EU as means to an end as intermediate variables between states interests and international cooperation. The EU is an independent actor which plays an independent role in changing states interests and especially in promoting cooperation. Conclusion The consideration in this paper of the ozone depletion regimes reveals that on that point is prospect for development in the international legal order. The picture that emerges of EU international environmental policy and politics is a complex and relating to the study of some(prenominal) subject disciplines.It should be noted that there is none predominant theoretical perspectives in international environmen tal politics adequate to explain this rich complexity. attached the complex reality of environmental cooperation between states and the context within which it develops, explaining policy processes and developments by a single theoretical perspective is an uncertain prospect. Still advance understanding of the developments of EU environmental policy in these processes may be fostered by relying on a regime theory.

What is “Small” Business?

In addition to how a business is organized leg tout ensemble in ally, coat is in like manner a office to classifying businesses. A tiny business is customaryly defined as any independently owned business with fewer than euchre employees that is not dominant in its industry. The modest Business Administration (SBA) is responsible for issuing the specific criteria that render a business a dispirited business. These criteria vary widely by industry. As recently as 2010, in an effort to make more(prenominal) businesses eligible for SBA loan assistance programs and to encourage economic growth and job creation, the SBA issued sweeping changes to the conventionalitys governing small businesses.For example, a car franchise is defined as a small business if it has 200 or fewer employees, whereas many manufacturing operations and some early(a) businesses can have up to 500 employees and be quiet be considered small. Most experts use 500 or fewer employees as a prevalent rule f or defining small businesses. The definition of a small business is not limited to the number of employees, however. The designation as a small business may be imposed based on overall annual sales. For example, hotels, which operate within the service industry, can earn $30 million annually and still be considered small businesses.Other services, such as industrial launderers, can earn $35. 5 million and still be considered small businesses. For example, a car dealership is defined as a small business if it has 200 or fewer employees, whereas many manufacturing operations and some other businesses can have up to 500 employees and still be considered small. Most experts use 500 or fewer employees as a ecumenical rule for defining small businesses. The definition of a small business is not limited to the number of employees, however. The designation as a small business may be imposed based on overall annual sales.For example, hotels, which operate within the service industry, can earn $30 million annually and still be considered small businesses. Other services, such as industrial launderers, can earn $35. 5 million and still be considered small businesses. Why Is scurvy Business Important in the U. S. frugality? According to the SBA, small businesses atomic number 18 of critical importance to the U. S. economy in a number of ship canal, including the followingSmall businesses make up nearly 99. 7 part of all employers in the United States.Outside of farming, small businesses work more than 50 percent of the U. S. gross domestic product and employ more than 50 percent of U. S. private sector workers. Small businesses tend to be highly innovative, thus accounting for nearly 14 times more patents than bigger corporations that produce patents. In other words, some of the greatest innovations have been started by small businesses. Consider that modern advances, such as the automatic transmission, FM radios, insulin, and penicillin all began with small bu sinesses.Small businesses tend to be spread out throughout the United States, bringing employment, products, and services to nearly every community in the country. In other words, small businesses be not confined to large cities but also serve small towns and rural communities. Small businesses account for nearly 97 percent of U. S. exports and provide 31 percent of the value of those exports. Small businesses are often owned and operated by women and minorities, which has opened the door for many minority groups to enrol and invest in the U. S. economy.Minorities and women own more than 4 million and nearly 6. 5 million small businesses, respectively. Small businesses bring out more than 65 percent of all new jobs in the United States. Despite these tremendous advantages, thither are also disadvantages to small business. These businesses, especially new ones, face the risk of calamity due to capital limitations. In many cases, small businesses have limited scope and do not nece ssarily grow into large corporations. Similarly, their owners may obtain limited individualised success and wealth and often do not have access to an endless source of capital.Like larger businesses, small businesses can be organized in a variety of ways. In choosing a business mould, it is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the available forms. Limited Partnerships The limited alliance alters the structure of the general partnership by introducing a new class of partner, the limited partner. General partners manage and operate the limited partnership and are subject to unlimited personal indebtedness for partnership obligations.Limited partners enjoy limited liability for partnership obligations but have no right to exert meaningful control over casual operations of the business. Formation of a limited partnership requires the filing of a Certificate of Limited Partnership. While a limited partnership may be formed without a written limited partnership carte l,absence of a written agreement may support the inference that the partnership is, in fact, a general partnership. Thus, imposing unlimited liability upon all partners. Limited Liability PartnershipsIn a general partnership, each partner incurs unlimited liability for partnership obligations. In multi-state partnerships with thousands of partners, there is a significant chance that partners might face financial ruin due to the conduct of a single partner with whom they have never worked and never met. The Limited Liability Partnership, or LLP, sometimes known as a Registered Limited Liability Partnership, or RLLP, was designed to rectify this problem. Although Limited Liability Partnerships are managed like general partnerships, there are different rules governing the liability of partners.Generally, limited liability partners incur unlimited liability for partnership contracts and debts and limited liability for torts committed by another partner. Most states recognizing the LLP r equire the partnership to maintain a specified amount of liability insurance to compensate victims of torts committed by a partner. Formation of an LLP requires the filing of an application or registration. While a written limited liability partnership agreement is not required by law, it is strongly suggested. Limited Liability CompaniesThe Limited Liability Company, or LLC, is perhaps the most advantageous form for most small businesses and for many larger businesses as well. The LLC combines the limited liability of a corporation with the flexible and informal management of a partnership. Federal law allows LLCs the option of taxation as a partnership or as a corporation. Depending upon state law, an LLC may exist in perpetuity, as do most corporations. A document, typically referred to as Articles of Organization, is filed to create a Limited Liability Company.A written operating agreement may be required depending on state law where a written operating agreement is not required , statutes will generally establish the rights of members and the method by which the LLC is to be operated and managed. The SBA offers various incentives and programs to help these small businesses thrive, including the following Financial assistance in the form of grants and low-interest loans help small ventures stay in business and expandin fact, the SBA helps coordinate lenders and borrowers in an effort to facilitate the financing needs of small businesses.The SBA disseminates learning about national and international contract opportunities within and outside of the government and encourages small businesses to apply for these contracts. Assistance is offered to those starting, planning, and growing small businesses, as are general legal information and compliance reports to owners, including specific counsel to small businesses owned by women and accounting and taxation training to help various types of small businesses succeed.Small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures a re vital to every industry sector in the U.S. and global economy. Small businesses tend to be more responsive to changing conditions than larger, less-flexible, organizations. They also create the most new jobs and products in todays economy. More than 65 percent of all new jobs in the U. S. are created by small businesses. create and exploiting a sustainable competitive advantage is an important task for small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, just like larger organizations. Nearly 40 percent of all small businesses exist within the service industry, accounting for more than 2 million firms.Medical practices, accounting firms, engineering and legal offices, nursing and rehabilitation facilities, and other practices are most largely representative of small businesses in the United States. The second largest small business representation is retail which includes grocery stores, pharmacies, bookstores, jewelers, clothing stores, and more. of ways by facilitating lending, offer ing training, and so on. The SBA is responsible for classifying businesses by their size and their income. Small BusinessA business that is independently owned and operated for profit and is not dominant in its industry.Small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures are vital to every industry sector in the U. S. and global economy. Small businesses tend to be more responsive to changing conditions than larger, less-flexible, organizations. They also create the most new jobs and products in todays economy. More than 65 percent of all new jobs in the U. S. are created by small businesses. exploitation and exploiting a sustainable competitive advantage is an important task for small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, just like larger organizations.Nearly 40 percent of all small businesses exist within the service industry,accounting for more than 2 million firms. Medical practices, accounting firms, engineering and legal offices, nursing and rehabilitation facilities, and other practices are most largely representative of small businesses in the United States. The second largest small business representation is retail which includes grocery stores, pharmacies, bookstores, jewelers, clothing stores, and more. Small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures are vital to every industry sector in the U. S. and global economy. Small businesses tend to be more responsive to changing conditions than larger, less-flexible, organizations.They also create the most new jobs and products in todays economy. More than 65 percent of all new jobs in the U. S. are created by small businesses. Developing and exploiting a sustainable competitive advantage is an important task for small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, just like larger organizations. Nearly 40 percent of all small businesses exist within the service industry, accounting for more than 2 million firms. Medical practices, accounting firms, engineering and legal offices, nursing and rehabilitation facilitie s, and other practices are most largely representative of small businesses in the United States.The second largest small business representation is retail which includes grocery stores, pharmacies, bookstores, jewelers, clothing stores, and more. Small Business Administration (SBA)Helps small businesses in the United States in a variety of ways by facilitating lending, offering training, and so on. The SBA is responsible for classifying businesses by their size and their income. Small BusinessA business that is independently owned and operated for profit and is not dominant in its industry.

Anna Quindlen Essay

When you think keen American author, manhoody people think of Anna Quindlen. She won many awards. They include but are not limited to a Pulitzer and two Clarion Awards. She is an older sister and a daughter, as well as a wife and mother. Anna Quindlen has published many, many literary works, including novels, childrens books, nonfiction works, columns, and new table pictorials. This fair sex is not only an author, but she is a role model and hero to some, having accomplished her dreams with great hauteur and grace.Anna Quindlen was not always Anna Quindlen the famous author. First, she was Anna Marie Quindlen, the oldest of five children in Philadelphia, and later on, New Jersey. She has one sister and trey brothers, all of which are younger than she is, her sister being the youngest of the five. When Anna was nineteen, her mother, an italian charwoman, died of ovarian cancer at mount up tetradty. She uses that experience in much of her writing, such as A Short Guide to a ex pert Life. This left her with only her father, and Irish man, as most of the characters in her books such as Object Lessons are. Since she was a teenager, Anna Quindlen has been a feminist, and although her reasoning has changed quite a bit, she still remains one. Anna currently is married to a man named Gerald Krovatin and has three children.They all live in New York City. This incredible woman has written and published four best-selling novels. They are Object Lessons, One True Thing, Black and Blue, and Blessings. Black and Blue was made into a movie as well as One True Thing. Anna also has three parade of her colums published. They consist of Living Out Loud, Thinking Out Loud, and Loud and Clear.She also wrote about her own personalized experiences in A Short Guide to a Happy Life, Being Perfect, and Imagined London. Being Perfect is a national bestseller as well as A Short Guide to a Happy Life. She was a columnist for the New York Times from 1981 to 1994, and 1990 was a big year for her. In that year she was given the gentle of the third woman in New York Times history to write a column for the Op-Ed page. In 1995 Anna became a full-time book writer and left her column and journalism. In 1992, Ms. Quindlen won a rattling honorable prize. In the category of Commentary, Anna Quindlen won a Pulitzer Prize. However, she did not stop there. She went on to elevate a Mothers At Home Media Award in 2001, and two Clarion Awards. The first, in 2001 for Best unconstipated Opinion Column in a magazine, and the second in 2002 for Best Opinion Column from the fellowship for Women in Communications. Annna has received honorary doctorates from Moravian College, Smith College, Denison University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Mount Holyoke College. She was also give the University Medal of goodness from Columbia. Ms. Quindlen was also a Victoria Fellow in Contemporary Issues at Rutgers, a Poynter Fellow in Journalism at Yale, and a Fellow of the Academy o f Arts & Sciences.These things, among others, are what set her apart from others, and she has something to army for her achievements. And so Anna Quindlen accomplished more emotionally than any other woman on Earth. She was the third woman to write a certain column for the New York Times, and a best-selling author at the uniform time. As a role model for women everywhere, Anna Quindlen went from being little Anna Marie Quindlen to the great woman she is now. Her words grant allowed the people of the twenty-first century to make great life choices and love people for who they are. Anna is thanked and revered for as long as she is remembered, which will definetly be for years and years to come.

Living Facades Can Be Grown Environmental Sciences Essay

The existent workion of populating frontages varies between providers, with a battalion of different patented musical arrangements out(a) at that place. However, there atomic number 18 three chief structural carcasss that most living frontages will adhere to, each(prenominal) with their ain advantages and disadvantages.Modular Panel SystemPanels of pre-planted plant life are fitted on to a support system that provides construction and a mechanical lacrimation system. Pre-planting means that an instant greens consequence scum bag be achieved upon completion. Composition of the faculties will change depending on the demands of the flora, but will necessitate to incorporate foods and stuff for the root to keep. Soil back tooth be used, but imputable to its weight it can merely realistically be of usage for little graduated table walls. ( see variant 1 )Man-made FeltPioneered by Patrick Blanc, this system uses man-made felt as a base for the flora, with H2O and foods provide d automatically. A metal straighten up is used for the construction, with a 10mm PVC bed riveted to it and the felt stapled to this.The metal frame allows the construction to be connected to a frontage leting an spread spread between the two beds which pr horizontalts flora from impacting the building structurally go helping the thermal and acoustic retentions of the frontage. The PVC bed prevents wet get awaying and provides rigidness to the full construction. The polymeric amide felt layer consists of two overlapping sheets with assorted pockets that secure the workss. The pick of stuff is determined by its opposition to decompose and a high capillary action leting H2O and foods to be distributed good. This frontage has the make of merely weighing 30kg per meter squared. ( see figure 1 )Container and TrellisA series of containers sept the workss with trellis mediate, leting the flora to mount and make an uninterrupted face of flora. Water and foods can once more than prov ided automatically with either a man-made or dirt based turning medium. ( see figure 1 )( Figure 1. Different Populating Facade Structures, 2008 )Positive EffectssThe bulk of the positive effects of spirit frontages are environmental, although aesthetical, societal and economic benefits can besides be identified.Air QualityIt has long been recognised that interior workss can assist better the air quality in offices and an internal life wall can supply a similar consequence and assist rejuvenate sick edifices. The workss absorb C dioxide and other(a) particulates sublimating the air.The external air quality can besides be improved by a life frontage as it is able to absorb the C dioxide and pollutants from traffic. It has been shown that a life frontage can champion a major impact on the degrees of Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO2 ) and particulate affair ( PM ) in urban countries in which there are street canons ( tallness of edifices exceeds distance between them ) . The street canons cause the air to twirl and purl around the flora enabling change magnitude degrees of atoms to be absorbed.A survey carried out by Lancaster University ground a decline in street flat concentrations of up to 40 % for NO2 and 60 % for particulate affair. With NO2 and particulate affair doing up a big measure of air pollutants, a drop-off in concentrations of this magnitude would hold a positive consequence on air pollution in urban countries.Thermal PerformanceThe thermic effects of life frontages are sincerely similar to those of green roofs. Internet Explorer, decrease in surface temperatures due to shadowing from flora, evapotranspiration and increased thermic mass can take toa ice chest internal climea decrease in urban heat island consequenceHowever, surveies have shown that populating frontages may be more effectual than green roofs in these countries.construction PerformanceThe surface temperatures and hence the internal temperature of edifices can be affected in many s lipway by the presence of life walls and floraThe flora shades the solid wall behind it, forbid solar additions.Vegetation absorbs radiation hence cut downing contemplation.The increased thermic mass of the flora and infrastructure reduces flow of temperature through the edifice tegument ice chest inside in spend and heater in winter.Transpiration the consequence of H2O loss from flora by vaporization. Heat is carried off in the signifier of H2O vapor.Protection from cold air currentsA 2010 survey by the National University of capital of Singapore found that the surface temperature of life walls was significantly reduced compared to a concrete control wall, with decreases of 6 to 10 grades recorded. Analysis of the consequences concluded that shadowing and transpiration seemed to be the chief subscribers to this lessening.In another survey at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, decreases in both external and internal wall temperatures were found when a concrete wall was clothe w ith vegetated facing.Urban Heat IslandsAn Urban Heat Island is the localized addition of temperature in urban Centres as distant to environing rural countries due to a profuseness of heat retaining surfaces.It is thought that the decrease in surface temperatures due to populating frontages could assist cut down the temperatures in urban countries.A computing machine theoretical peak based analysis at the University of Cardiff found a important decrease of the temperature in urban canons when the edifice envelopes are to the full greened . A similar decision was reached in a survey by the University of Manchester, who found that an addition in green screen of 10 % in urban countries could take to a decrease in maximal temperatures.BiodiversityIt is thought that populating frontages may lend to an addition in biodiversity in urban countries by supplying a home ground for insects and birds. Although specific proving on the biodiversity of life frontages has non yet been exhaustively undertaken, there are illustrations of wildlife such as birds utilizing populating walls as their place. Any study would hold to admit the possible disadvantages of increased biodiversity on a edifices frontage.Acoustic ControlVegetation is widely used to cut down the interference degrees from busy roads or railroad lines and it is thought that populating walls may be used to command the acoustics of edifices. A survey at the National University of Singapore found that life walls had a higher sound drenching up coefficient than many regular edifice stuffs and that the noise decrease was besides important.However, the survey pointed out that these consequences alter greatly depending on the frequences used, types of works, per centum screen of wall and type of substrate. Further proving on existent edifices is needed to toughened up the true acoustic virtues of life frontages.AestheticssBing in consequence a perpendicular garden, the aesthetic qualities of a life frontage are ob vious and there are many illustrations where the primary aim is aesthetic consequence. Some of the ocular benefits includeRejuveinating bland frontagesSoftening of the urban landscape and leting edifices to look more inwrought Changing aesthetics with seasonLight softening and diffusion of visible radiation can escalate infinites ( when used in concurrence with glazing ) .SocialThe effects of flora in urban countries on social welfare are good documented and surveies have found that people view verdure as really of import in these countries.EconomicAlthough full cost analysis is yet to be done for a edifice with a life frontage, it is possible that populating frontages could hold a good economic impact on edifices. The countries these benefits could be found arecut downing warming and air-conditioning costsadded commercial value to the edificeincreased productivenessNegative AspectsLack of surveies and research into populating frontages means that the true benefits and negatives are yet to be discerned. Of the few surveies available, most are either computing machine theoretical accounts or proving is carried out in controlled environments. To genuinely understand the effects of life frontages, proving demands to be carried out long term on edifices. However, since the construct of life frontages is reasonably new, there is enduely really small informations available and most living frontages are settle down reasonably immature.Populating walls can necessitate a high degree of care depending on the system chosen, and at that place have been documented jobs withRoot putrefactionPlants deceasingNeed for paringFuture/ incorporation with SustainabilityThere are many other countries of sustainability that populating walls have the possible to be integrated with. These thoughts are still at the experimental phase, but could practicably workIntegration with air purification and airing eg queen University BiowallVertical agriculture/farming veggies or fruit could be grown on life walls and so harvested, increasing the surface countries available for agribusiness.Water re-use since life walls rely on automatically supplied H2O, there is the lay on the line to utilize rain H2O or gray H2O as this supply. The systems can be given over to a H2O butt.Code for Sustainable Homes and BREEAMPlaning governments can see developments of populating walls as positive and they may even number towards local be aftering marks.Due to populating facade engineering being rather new, at present there are no specific mentions in the sustainable codification or BREEAM. However, populating walls may be able to lend towards other countries of the codification, assisting to gain credits.Sustainability Code/BREEAMCombined with a rainwater crop armoured combat vehicle Wat /W01Native species planted Eco 2 ( ecological sweetening ) /LE05If important country of belongings covered Eco 4 ( alteration of eco value )Possible betterment of thermic public presentation E ne1 ( contemplativeness Emission Rate ) /E1

Mgt Module 5

module 5 Individual train indigence concepts and applications 1 Module 5 Individual level indigence concepts and applications attainment objectives On successful completion of this module, you should be able to ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? bound indigence and identify three key elements of motivations Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current commit value Apply the predictions of self-determination possibleness to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Comp argon and contrast goal-setting possibility and commission by objectives Contrast financial backing speculation and goal-setting guess Demonstrate how organisational justice is a wraith of honor theory Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees Compare contemporary theories of motivations Show how motivation theories are culture bound learning resourcesText Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B & Boyle, M 2011, Organisational deportment, Chapter 7. Introduction to Module 5 pick up to Module 5 of MGT1000. I give this module about a 4. 5 rating the theory is heavier going. There are about 22 pages from the text. Also this module is about 7 pages long. There are no must do working classs only there is still an application forge that endure throw off up as much epoch as you want to invest in it. The application is a mini essay writing course session. The mind map that copys illustrates where we are up to in the individual level of the course so far.In this module we impart be discussing theories of motivation and their workplace applications. Motivation is a vituperative issue within workplaces today. It is not sufficient that employees merely turn up at work. Employers want extremely productive and motivated employees. You already know that workplace productivity back end be growd by ensuring a sound fit between employee personality and cable requirements, between employer and employee values and University of gray Queensland 2 MGT1000 Organisational be haviour between employee preferences and the culture and structure of the organisation.You exit in like manner realise from previous modules that in creating a motivating workplace it is employee perception of the workplace, rather than the reality of the workplace, that leave influence employee performance. In this module you will learn ways that managers can make the workplace more motivating for employees. The most basic inaugurate of this module is that motivation is not a trait like personality, but rather some(a)thing that managers can move on or discourage. Module 3 Attitudes and business enterprise contentment Module 4 Personality and values Module 5 Motivation Absenteeism Job satisfaction Turnover Productivity Organisational citizenship Deviant workplace behaviour This initiatory wield will give you a chance to clarify your own (everyday) everyday experience of motivation. Learning activity 5. 1 Think of one thing you maintain been putting off doing. by chance yo u attain a friend you afford been meaning to contact perhaps you have some task more or less the house you have not wind upd yet. Perhaps you have not been able to maintain your exercise program. Or perhaps you have had knottyy getting all your study breeze throughd.Think about these 2 questions 1. why are you putting yourself under pressure to do this thing? 2. Why havent you do this thing yet? University of Southern Queensland Module 5 Individual level motivation concepts and applications 3 Learning activity 6. 1 de-brief I expect we all have things we have not done that we find out we should have done. So I assume no one had difficulty thinking of something they had put off. The undermentioned both(prenominal) definitions of motivation show considerable consistency and can be helpful in accord your inability to do the task you nominated. We define motivation as the processes that account for an individuals chroma, centering and persistence of effort towards attai ning a goal (Robbins, Judge, Millett, & Boyle 2011, p. 176) Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. (Gordon, 1999 p. 534) Both definitions seem to regard persistence as essential to motivation. Perhaps you may have lacked the persistence or move effort required to complete the task?In addition the definitions refer to enthusiasm or intensity both of which can be regarded as a measure of how hard you were prepared to work (Robbins et al. 2011 p. 176). Perhaps this is where you had your difficulty? Finally, both definitions state there films to be some kind of purpose diversely described as direction, a goal or a course of action that is essential to motivation. It would fall out because you could articulate what you were supposed to do consequently at least you did have a goal, even if it is yet to be achieved. The question remains Why havent we done this thing if we st ill live we indispensableness to do it? Perhaps one of the reasons you gave for not completing this task was that it simply was too hard. so the text says no matter how motivated someone is, if they very lack the ability to do a task then it is impossible for them to do it. So if you truly lack the ability required to do the task then perhaps you should stop trying to do this task. Similarly if one of the reasons you gave for not doing this task was a lack of time, again this may be a legitimate reason for not doing the task. Robbins et al. (2011, p. 176) notion motivation as a series of processes.That is, if a person lacks opportunity (for physical exertion the required time to complete a task), it does not matter how motivated or how gifted they are they simply will not be able to do the task. But perhaps your task was within your ability pose and you had the opportunity to do it. The question remains, Why didnt you do it? The definitions attended above may provide some a nswers. While Robbins et al. (2011) make no comment on the origins of motivation, Gordon (1999 p. 534) however, refers to motivation as forces either within or external to a person.These internal and external forces are very important in checking Herzbergs theory and its later developments. These two factors (internal and external factors) are the two factors that give Herzbergs two factor theory its name. Herzberg refers to these 1) external and 2) internal factors as 1) extrinsic or hygiene factors and 2) intrinsic factors or motivators respectively. These two factors are like the oil and petrol in your car. They are sooner separate, but you need both to be at the decline level for the car to work well.In a car you have a petrol gauge that indicates if your tank is full or empty. It indicates if you have petrol or no petrol. So Herzberg refers to his 2 factors in the same terms. For example if you have no motivators (like no petrol) this is referred to as a state of no satisfac tion. If you have motivators (like a full tank of petrol) you have satisfaction. Interestingly, Herzberg does not regard satisfaction as the opposite of dissatisfaction. So let University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT1000 Organisational behaviour e confirm, a lack of satisfaction is referred to by Herzberg as being a state of no satisfaction not a state of dissatisfaction. The jargon in this theory is a little confusing at first, but Herzberg is making an important point. When you understand that point the jargon is easy to understand. Again consider the reasons you gave for not acting and the reasons you gave for continuing to put pressure on yourself. According to Herzbergs two factor theory (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 17880) only intrinsic factors are truly motivating. Intrinsic factors amount to way the task makes you feel.For example, if you stated the billet is too boring or not very enjoyable that is an example of a task that is simply not motivating. That is why you lacked mo tivation and ultimately did not complete the task it was simply not an as such rewarding task. According to Herzberg extrinsic or hygiene factors will never truly motivate you to complete a task (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 17880). So even if for example, one of the reasons you gave to complete the task was that you would be paid to complete it, then although you may have found the knuckle underment acceptable, it could not actually motivate you to do the task.The pay could only ever be experienced by you as good pay or deleterious pay for the job concern. In either event the pay itself would not motivate you to do the job only the jobs intrinsic qualities and opportunities can truly motivate. There are many critics of Herzbergs theory and his original research methods (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178)and also the other earlier theories of motivation. For example refer to Robbins et al. (2011, p. 177) for a reappraisal of Maslows theory.The text provides an overview of contemporary th eories of motivation that have a reasonable degree of research validity. These theories head employee motivation and include the Self-determination theory, Goal-setting theory, Self-efficacy theory, Reinforcement theory, Equity theory and Expectancy theory. These theories provide guidelines for managers about how to enhance workplace motivation in their employees. Self-efficacy theory, for instance, argues that an individuals belief that he or she is capable of do a task (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 186) influences their performance.According to this theory, employees with low selfefficacy (self belief) will exert less effort when they receive negative feedback whereas employees with lavishly self-efficacy will increase their effort (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 187-80). Managers who focus on increasing self-efficacy in employees by setting difficult goals for them and encouraging them to perform better, can expect increased employee performance. You can see that the goal-setting theory i s also relevant here setting specific and difficult goals and providing feedback can lead to higher performance (Robbins et al. 011, p. 184). You will also read this week about Equity theory which takes quite a diametrical view of what motivates or de-motivates us. Equity theorys basic tenant is that the perception of equitable reward (such as salary) is quite essential to motivation. Most simply stated if you as an employee feel you are relatively poorly enured for example, poorly paid as compared with others then your motivation will suffer. In your reading you will be exposed to the mechanism of the comparable worth as a way to create rewards systems for jobs that create beauteousness in the workplace.Finally, you will read about expectancy theory this week which takes another quite different view of motivation. Expectancy theory is all about the expectancies or in lay terms expectations employees have about their work and its rewards. If an employee 1) does not expect (or believe) they have the ability to complete the job to the required stock(a) and or 2) does not expect (or believe) that the organisation will recognise their work when it is completed to the required exemplar and or 2) does not expect (or believe) the reward the organisation offers is worthwhile, then the employees motivation will suffer.You will read University of Southern Queensland Module 5 Individual level motivation concepts and applications 5 how expectancy theory can be applied to the workplace through the use of flexible benefits that allow employees to work towards rewards they truly value. Learning objectives from the text ? ? Define motivation and identify three key elements of motivations Read Defining motivation page 176. Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current use value Read primaeval theories of motivation page 176 181, up to the end of McClellands theory of needs, page 181.Apply the predictions of self-determination theory to intrins ic and extrinsic rewards Read Contemporary theories of motivation page 181 3. Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and focus by objectives Read page 184 188, up to the end of Self-efficacy theory on page 188. Contrast reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory Read Reinforcement theory page 188 9. Demonstrate how organisational justice is a refinement of equity theory Read Equity theory/organisational justice page 189 92.Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees Read Expectancy theory page 193 4 and Flexible benefits Developing a benefits software page 222. Compare contemporary theories of motivations Read Integrating contemporary theories of motivation page 194 5. Show how motivation theories are culture bound Read Global Implications page 196. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? We also suggest that you read synopsis and Implications for Managers that provides you with a good summary of the theories covered in the readings.Application exercise This weeks app lication exercise is one I have used previously with students. You are asked to write a 5 separate essay titled The day I hated my job more than I thought humanly possible or an essay titled The day I loved my job more than I thought humanly possible. In either theatrical role use Herzbergs theory to pardon why you hated or loved your job so much on that day. This is a readily exercise to get you thinking about 1) how to structure an essay and 2) how to apply theory to a consequence study.I have attached an example of an essay submitted by a previous student to help you. What follows are the quick tips on how to write a good OBM essay that were covered in module 2. University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT1000 Organisational behaviour A good OBM essay has four main parts. ? ? You will always need a one paragraph introduction that states the overall theme of your essay and outlines the content of the essay. This will be the first paragraph of the essay. This will be followed by a series of paragraphs that present the real content of your essay.This is sometimes referred to as the body of the essay. In this courting this will only be 3 paragraphs. (You can have more if you really need them, but this is meant to be a short and sweet exercise to get the brain cells going not a marathon). These will include the facts of your best or chastise day at work and your references to Herzbergs theory that explain the experience. Visit this webpage at the USQ Library and follow the clicks for information on how to cite sources in essays using the Harvard Referencing system .This will be followed by a one paragraph conclusion that restates the main theme of your radical, summarises the main points raised in the body of your paper and ends with a strong concluding sentence This will be followed by a List of references. This is a list of the full bibliographical details or any source (for example text guard or journal article) that you cite in the essay. I expect in this essay you would only list the text as a source. ? ? A good OBM essay also includes theory that has been applied to the case study.I suggest you use the three sentence formula listed below to apply theory to a case study. In each paragraph include 1. One or two sentences containing a bite sizing plot of ground of theory 2. Followed by one or two sentences containing a bite size piece of case study 3. Followed by a linking sentence that explains how exactly the theory is linked to the case study. An example 1. Bite size piece of theory According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 179) 2. Bite size piece of case study I certainly ound my job at that time challenging in a ordained way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new put of client operate. 3. Linking sentence. My intimacy in the client services project gave me an excellent opport unity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was and then highly consistent with Herzbergs notion of a job with job satisfaction. The same material presented as a paragraph. According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 011, p. 179. ) I certainly found my job at that time challenging in a positive way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new range of client services. My involvement in the University of Southern Queensland Module 5 Individual level motivation concepts and applications 7 client services project gave me an excellent opportunity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was therefore highly consistent with Herzbergs notion of a job with job satisfaction.You may have to go through a few more drafts of the paragraph to get it saying exactly what you want it to, but that is the basi c process. Finally, you may be wondering how to relate bits of theory to bits of case study. You might find a pen and paper tool like this one below useful. In the left hand towboat you will see the motivators and hygiene factors listed. (This is the theory you are expected to use in this essay). In the right column there is room for you to list the elements of your story that relate to these factors. You do not need to have an entry next to each piece of theory.The idea is that you would look at the completed grid and then decide what the word form is. Did your job have lots of problems with the motivators? Were there additional problems with the hygiene factors? What was the overall pattern is the case study? This then becomes the theme of your essay. Motivators Achievement Recognition swear out itself Responsibility Advancement branch Case study elements Hygiene factors Company policy and administration Supervision Relationship with supervisor Work conditions Relationship wit h peers Personal life Relationship with subordinates Status Security SalaryCase study elements University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT1000 Organisational behaviour Summary This module has focussed on motivation as a process that managers need to understand in order to try to create motivating jobs and reward systems in the workplace. You have covered both earlier theories of motivation and contemporary theories. You have also had an opportunity to put pen to paper and sample an essay in this course. Presentation 5. 1 Ch7_motivation Reference list Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour a diagnostic approach, sixth edn, Prentice Hall, NJ.Mann, S 2004, People-work emotion management, stress and coping, British Journal of commission and Counselling, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 20521, viewed 12 December, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item AN13121438. McShane, S & Von Glinow, M 2005, Organizational behaviour, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B & Boyle, M 2011, Organisational behaviour, 6th edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest. Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour a diagnostic approach, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. University of Southern Queensland

Define and Discuss ‘Retail Experience’ Essay

Define and handle sell recognize. Use a case make example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer produce and enhance regard as?Define and treat retail experience. Use a case study example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer get and enhance value?David OluRETAIL MANAGEMENTDefine and discuss retail experience. Use a case study example to demonstrate its application. How does the retailer grow and enhance value?When people go obtain they exigency to encounter an enjoyable experience which impart satisfy their needs so in recent years retailers have tried to take the shopping experience to a nonher level in auberge to encourage consumers to build a relationship with the injury. The intend of this essay go awaying be to come forthline what is meant by the term retail experience. The main rivet bequeath be on a particular case study involving apple in order to explain how the retailer goes on to enhance value.Retail experience can be se en as a process in which a retailer packages an experience together with products. (Berman B & Evans J 2010) highlight that A Retailers image depends heavily on its atmosphere. When looking at atmosphere it is the psychological sprightlinessing a customer gets when visiting the retailer.It is noted that atmosphere can influence indulgent value this is an important face of the experience, beca intake this is what plays a vital role in gaining a customers interest and it can sponsor in leading the customer into the buying process. All of the major retailers leave alone aim to earmark a relaxing environment for their consumers because shopping is considered as fun and pleasurable (Jones, 1999). There argon some cite factors that contribute to this, first we look at music because it provides entertainment for shoppers Turley and Chebat (2002).Followed by lighting the appropriate use of it,such as product spotlighting and dim ambient lighting, and thirdly the use of bright and vi brant colours. Swinyard (1993) reiterated this by pointing out that Mood states are present in virtu whollyy e actually shopping encounter, and could have a significant effect on shopping behaviour. And In Relation to this (Kemp and Kopp 2011) alike put beforehand that Emotions shape our everyday existence, including our consumption and bribe behaviour. So this could mean that a consumer in a big mood may tend to view shopping activities differently from one in a dear mood.When a customer enters the blood line atmosphere they are not able to experience the music in seclusion or smell the scent without seeing the colours as well they do not walk on the floor-covering without go throughing the ambient temperature. The typical customer experiences amounts of all these and other incentives as an on- loss, joint experience. So it can be argued that some buying environments are purposefully designed to produce specialized emotional effects in shoppers.Berman & Evans J (2010) ar gued that The presentation merchandise and the displays that bring shoppers into the gunstock are very important in creating a retail image. So other factors which have to be considered when looking at retail experience is the layout of the shop itself because if the shop is nicely laid out it will encourage customers to take place more time in the shop than originally planned. So retailers have to consider the layout of the products and how they can approach to customers and also clearly labelled displays if they have any in order to make the customers indentify what is on give clearly. So it is always essential for a business to ensure that the shop is properly organised.A store outdoor provides a powerful impact on a businesss image this should be planned in effect a store exterior consists of the total physical exterior of the store itself, with a storefront most retailers can present a traditional, trendy, upscale environment, in relation to retail experience customers wh o happen to pass a shop they normally judge a store by its exterior so this can be used to draw in customers with things like display windows fork outing products will be able to catch a customers attentionstraight away most retailers make use of mannequins in order to grab peoples attention.Customers always want to feel valued and welcomed when they visit a shop so when they enter the shop they expect a unassailable customer service from the members of staff this is crucially essential for an transcription to manage. Because not only will shoppers lever the store due to the products offered, or atmospherics but they will have more of a coc rudimentaryed interest due to the kindness of the salesperson (Lombart and Jeandrain, 2003). If the members of staff are always available and helpful it will create a customer satisfaction and this can be considered as a key find out factor with benefits of repeat shopping and buying behaviour if managed effectively so with this it means th at customers will always have a good experience, when they encounter polite and helpful members of staff and this will also create a compulsory image for the business.Promotion is another tool in which retailers will aim to provide satisfaction to their customers so in order for them to do this they implement special offers as a strategy to achieve this, if an organisation regularly provides promotion as part of its experience it will find that they will close in more customers. So for example retailers like Tesco or Asda regularly offer promotion and they go head to head on offers in order to gain draw in more people. not only will offering promotions attract repeat custom it will also allow the organisation to generate profit.All different kind of Retailers will try to use different ways in order to bring that retail experience that their consumers desire so retailers who connect with customers through experiences which are in person relevant , memorable, interactive and also e motional are more likely to increase sales and stag loyalty and this is why experience stores such as apple have emerged, reason being that they want customers to bond with the brand, at first hand , a try before you buy approach .Apple is one of the biggest leading technology companies in the world apple provides customers with an attractive and relaxed environment where they canhandle. Apple has been developing its experience stores since 2001 and by the end of 2008 the company had opened some 250 increasingly sophisticated stores (Jones, & Comfort, 2010).Benghazi (2012) States that socialize browsing experiences might help a browser to learn more about the offers and characteristics. Customers will be able to use companionship in order to make a decision on whether they should purchase the product or not so in regards to this Apple provide their consumers with a live interaction of their products for example the Apple store in Londons regent street lets customers get touch in Getting started workshops this includes showing customers how to set up a new Mac, connecting to the internet and sending emails.This goes to show that Apple are trying to involve their customers with a firsthand experience of the brand and the products they offer, the experience goes beyond the store itself the company provides summer camps for children and youth workshops. Children aged 8-12 years get what is known as a hands-on Mac experience, during a 3 hour workshop 8-13years olds can compose a air in a garage band, construct a photo album and create key note presentations. This illustrates on how Apple are trying to expand retail experience to their customers by going beyond the in store experience this will in return generate a positive outcome for Apple.Within regards to the designs of the stores, the interior represents three values, which are transparency, community and service. There is the open spacious interior containing the computers, IPods and IPhones which are neatly placed on tables this portrays transparency. Community is encouraged by the store through its field of honor and its lounging areas and and so the commitment into services is branded into customers minds as they are able to visit the genius bar, distributively store is looked at as a place where people can feel comfortable and are not intimidated by technology.Apple stores may be designed to sell but also at the same time they are designed to teach, customers who walk into an apple store just for a casual play of the products can find that the experience can quickly turn into some salutary learning. When we look at a typical apple store it has threespaces the first one is usually for play and for purchasing, and the other one is for learning a customer would typically come across these areas in that order. The shop is laid out in a simple manner enabling the customers to move around freely to admire the products within the store.Like any other store, apple stores consist of members of staff who brave a blue t-shirt with the apple logo in the middle making them easily recognizable to the public as the staff with a casual look. There always there to help customers with their knowledge on how to use the products. The members of staff always ensure to crave customers if they need help if the customer looks lost, this fictitious character of retail setting allows customers and members of staff to interact as the members of staff are always asked questions in regards to the products, and the questions that the customers ask the staff guide the learning and they reveal what has been learned and what else is there left to be learned. So in a sense Apple have able to take the relationship between the customers, staff members and the store to a different level of retailing and learning.The Apple store has built relevance into every branch of the shop, the members of staff are aware that they have to start with the customer and with whatever knowledge the customer knows and then progress on from there. Despite the technology the apple store experience is more focused on forming a relationship with the products rather than just focusing on products. An Apples store experience generally provides a powerful image about the brand Apple is able to combine products together with service effectively in order to reward their customers with a unique experience in which customers are able to feel like learners who are able to develop valuable skills. The Apple store learning experience is greatly adapted and focused on the interests and the needs of the individual customer.ConclusionRetail experience is vital for all of the retailers to establish in order to looking at Apple they have successfully established an environment where customers would want to come back again and again so in conclusion Apple has shown that they value their customers by ensuring that their customers experience the products at first hand and by also taking that experi ence outof the store by providing their customers with things like summer camps. It is vital that Apple continue to bring this experience to their customers because it will mean that they will generate repeat custom and also they will be able to attract new customers.BibliographyBooksBerman, B. and Evans, J. (2010) Retail management a strategic approach. 11th Ed. New Jersey Pearson education Inc, p.508, 509,510,512. netSonera, T. (2006). Apple case study. Available www.buyukdemirci.com/Apple/Apple_case_.pdf. Last accessed 18th November 2012. ledgersBallantine, P. et al. (2010) Atmospheric cues and their effect on the hedonic retail. International diary of Retail & Distribution Management, 38 (8), p.1, 2. Burns, D. and Neisner, L. (2006) Customer satisfaction in a retail setting The contribution of emotion. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34 (1), p.50, 51. Jones, P. et al. (2010) Retail experience stores experiencing the brand at first. Marketing Intelli gence & Planning, 28 (3), p.243. KEMP, E. and KOPP, S. (2011) Emotion in consumption. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10 p.1. Kronrod, A. et al. (2012) Hedonic aspiration and compliance with assertive messages. Journal of Consumer Research, Inc., 39 (1), p.52. Nsairi, Z. (2012) Managing browsing experience in retail stores through. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 40 (9), p.678. Swinyard, W. (199300) The Effects of Mood, Involvement, and Quality of Store Experience on Shopping Intentions. Journal of consumer research, 20p.271. Washor, E. et al. (2009) At the Core of the Apple Store Images of Next Generation Learning. The Phi Delta Kappan, 91 (2), p.61, 62, 63