Cognitive Learning Theory: An Overview

Intellectual Learning Theory: An Overview Intellectual Learning Theory Utilizing Thinking to Learn The Cognitive Learning Theory clarifies why the mind is the most unbelievable system of data preparing and translation in the body as we learn things. This hypothesis can be partitioned into two explicit speculations: the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and the Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT). At the point when we state the word â€Å"learning†, we normally mean â€Å"to think utilizing the brain†. This fundamental idea of learning is the primary perspective in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). The hypothesis has been utilized to clarify mental procedures as they are impacted by both inherent and outward factors, which in the long run realize learning in a person. Psychological Learning Theory suggests that the various procedures concerning learning can be clarified by breaking down the psychological procedures first. It sets that with compelling subjective procedures, learning is simpler and new data can be put away in the memory for quite a while. Then again, insufficient psychological procedures result to learning troubles that can be seen whenever during the lifetime of a person. A. Social Cognitive Theory In the Social Cognitive Theory, we are thinking about 3 factors: conduct factors natural elements (extraneous) individual variables (inborn) These 3 factors in Social Cognitive Theory are supposed to be interrelated with one another, making learning happen. An individual’s individual encounter can meet with the conduct determinants and the natural components. Inside individual condition relationship, singular reasoning, ideas and psychological abilities for the most part are modified by methods for outside components state for instance a help parent, harrowing condition or possibly a sweltering climate. Inside individual conduct relationship, the specific intellectual tasks of the man or lady sway his conduct; besides, by and large execution including such a conduct may modify how the person accepts. In conclusion, the specific condition conduct relationship, outside components can change how you show the specific conduct. Moreover, your conduct have any kind of effect and adjust your condition. This specific sort plainly infers that for valuable and helpful figuring out how to happen someone must have productive customized highlights, present perfect conduct and stay in any help condition. Likewise, Social Cognitive Hypothesis pronounces in which totally new experiences must be assessed by the spanish understudy by method of analyzing his past experiences while utilizing identical determinants. Discovering, subsequently, is a result of an escalated investigation with the current information versus path back when. Fundamental Concepts Social Cognitive Hypothesis comprises of numerous central strategies that will uncover not just all through more established individuals however likewise all through newborn children, children and young people. 1. Observational discovering from others by method of seeing these individuals is a successful technique for achieving information and evolving conduct. two. Reproduction achieving this when there is unquestionably a decent put forth an attempt to accurately improve the rehashing of the conduct by method of setting your particular inside a comfortable situation having normally accessible items so as to energize the person in question so as to help the totally new information and conduct learned and practice these individuals. 3. Self-adequacy the specific investigation course when the specific spanish understudy builds his as of late learned information or even conduct by methods for setting the thing straight into work out. 5. Over passionate incredible adapting frameworks close to frightening condition and antagonistic customized highlights can prompt valuable discovering, specifically all through more seasoned individuals. 5. Self-administrative ability to the board conduct even inside the troublesome condition. B. Psychological Behavior Hypothesis Psychological Behavior Hypothesis depicts the specific reason including information (knowing) so as to deciding and guaging the specific conduct routine of individual. This specific idea was created by methods for Aaron Beck. The specific Cognitive Behavior Hypothesis states people tend to kind self-ideas in which sway the specific conduct they will appear. These sorts of techniques is normally helpful or even unfavorable which empower it to be influenced by any person’s condition. The specific Cognitive Triad Intellectual Behavioral Hypothesis extra brings up singular conduct and discovering utilizing the subjective set of three. This specific group of three comprises of negative contemplations concerning: 1. The specific self applied (I. electronic., My business is refuse) two. The specific world/condition (I. electronic., the world is silly) 3. The since quite a while ago run (I. electronic., our latent capacity is damned) Social Learning Hypothesis Individuals conduct is found out, accordingly numerous conduct is normally unlearned and newbehaviors learned all through their spot. Behaviorism can be included basically having theobservable and quantifiable parts of individual conduct. Along these lines whenever behaviorsbecome inappropriate, they can be unlearned. Behaviorism scenes improvement on the grounds that acontinuous strategy during which children appreciate a uninvolved reason. Its alsoa general method that is used in a wide range of settings which incorporate both clinicaland instructional. Behaviorists accept how the basically stuff for the most part are genuine (or at leastworth examining) will be the things we can undoubtedly find and notice. The majority of us can not start to see the contemplations, the specific id, or even the specific other than cognizant, by the by we can without much of a stretch see how people carry on, answer and act. Through conduct a considerable lot of us could conceivably assist with making inductions about the minds and furthermore the intellectual capacities, anyway they arent the fundamental accentuation with the examination. Precisely who achieve, positively not what precisely they will accept or even truly feel, would be the subject with the break down. Similarly the specific behaviorist doesnt look at as their pharmicudical partner or even the brain so as to understandthe reasons for unpredictable conduct. This individual accept how the conduct representscertain learned schedules, and the person endeavors to see that they typically are scholarly. The specific stuff that is explored is clearly conduct. Basically on the grounds that behaviorists arent enthused about as their pharmicudical partner, or even their significantly progressively endorsed counterparts for instance psycheand substance, surmisings about the conditions wherein keep up and support humanbehavior is typically produced using the investigation including canine conduct. Animal examination hasprovided a basic foundation for your conduct procedure. Thebehavioral analyst is excited about knowing the specific frameworks underlyingthe conduct including both standard people and the ones having issues that may well bereferred on the grounds that psychological instability. In the occasion the conduct type is used tomental disease, the thing is as a rule for various presenting inconveniences. Its most probable progressively successful all through the treatment of social issues and issues ofimpulse the board, for instance excessivedrinking, weight issues, or even sensual difficulties. Social procedures may bequite supportive all through treatment strategy including pressure and tension and have completely at times been as of late useful all through themanagement including increasingly serious psyche issues for instance schizophrenia. At an opportune time Advocates: Pavlov (1849-1936) Ivan G. Pavlov is Russias most notable researcher. This individual previously got greatdistinction for his exploration around the physiology with the gastrointestinal tract. Pavlovencountered any methodological issue that was over the long haul so as to affirm moreimportant and significantly more helpful in correlation with his physical exploration. This individual haddiscovered molding. With respect to Pavlov, numerous conduct has been reflexive. Be that as it may, happen such a practices differfrom the specific conduct regularly named intuitive? Natural conduct may potentially be accounted for to be supported. The pet ought to be ravenous, so as to be explicitly turned on, so as to have home structure hormones past to these sorts of intuitive conduct can occur. However, Pavlov inferred that as of now there is by all accounts no reason for one of a kind concerning reflexes and what precisely has regularly been as of late took a gander at as non-reflexive conduct. To be a psychologist, Pavlov has been stressed over thenervous technique, and explicitly the specific cerebral cortex, absolutely not having practically any lawfulnessthat he may reveal all through conduct. For a significantly increasingly theoretical degree, Pavlov thought about that all discovering, regardless of whether ofelicited reactions all through natural life or in any event, including calculated practices all through individuals, wasdue to the frameworks including set up molding. We have now think the thing to get mistaken, however it is none the specific a littler sum one of a few magnificent ideas in our lifestyle. (Bolles) Watson (1878-1958) Sway B. Watson has been one of the most distinctive characters since the commencement including outlook. Despite the fact that the individual in question neglected to create behaviorism, the person in question turned out to be generally known on the grounds that their key representative and hero. Watson has been expanded inside normal history: System brings up conduct. Inside a well known distribution (Watson, 1914) the individual said how the investigate ofthe musings would be the area including way of thinking; its the circle including speculation andendless idea web based games. As their pharmicudical partner doesn't have any set up attitude. An exploration of brain science ought to be dictated by target marvels and furthermore the last explanationmust become acquired in the specific center tense strategy. It had been Watson, more than Pavlov or even

God's Existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

lab on matter :: essays research papers

I. Introductionâ â â â â      A. Reason: the motivation behind this examination was to decide whether the separation between issue impacts the time it takes for the issue to arrive at warm harmony.      B. Speculation: If the separation between the issue is diminished then the time it takes for the issue to arrive at warm harmony will diminish.      C. Science ideas: Temperature-proportion of the movement of atoms Warm balance when two bits of issue are a similar temperature Dynamic vitality of movement Warmth vitality that streams from matter of a higher temperature to matter of a lower temperature      In the analysis the time it took for issue to arrive at warm harmony was estimated. The temperature of the water was estimated at regular intervals. The warmth was moved from the high temp water, into the air, at that point to the virus water. At the point when the water arrived at warm harmony the normal dynamic vitality per atom was the equivalent for all the water. II Procedure:      The materials utilized were- â â â â 125ml flaskâ â â â â â â â â â 200ml cold water  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â 200ml beakerâ â â â â â â â â â 2 lab tests  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â 125ml hot waterâ â â â â logger genius 1.â â â â â first the lab tests were connected to the lab genius 2.â â â â â the lab genius was associated with the USB port 3.â â â â â the PC was turned on and lumberjack genius was opened 4.â â â â â the flagon was loaded up with 125ml of high temp water 5.â â â â â the measuring glass was loaded up with 200ml of cold water 6.â â â â â the flagon and measuring glass were set 20cm separated 7.â â â â â the temperature was estimated at regular intervals until the hot and cold water arrived at warm harmony III. Results and Conclusions A. Exploratory Data: The aftereffects of the trial demonstrate that the farther separated the issue is the more it takes to arrive at warm balance. The contacting water took just sixteen minutes while the non contacting water in about a similar measure of time was 41.6 degrees from arriving at warm balance.      B. Charts and Tables: see appended C. Assess Prediction/Hypothesis: The aftereffects of the analysis bolster the theory. The theory expressed that the more noteworthy the separation between the water the more prominent the measure of time it takes to arrive at warm balance. IV Extension and Summery A. Augmentation: Some reasons for exploratory blunder may have been if the PC fizzled and a manual thermometer must be utilized a few seconds could have been lost. This could have been fixed by utilizing a manual thermometer the entire time or beginning once again if the PC fizzled. Another conceivable reason for exploratory blunder could have been if the test was being moved while the temperature was being estimated.

Reduction of Demand for Drugs by Incorporation of Elasticity Free Essays

Disallowed drugs have been one of the significant worries of the national government for as far back as decades. Different negative impacts of precluded drugs on the client itself as well as on the quick network of the last have been distinguished. Because of this, different projects has been propelled by the government just to direct and keep residents from illicit drug use. We will compose a custom article test on Decrease of Demand for Drugs by Incorporation of Elasticity or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now One of the said government activities to limit chronic drug use would be the heightening of medication medicines beside the outskirt watching and so forth. The inquiry presently would be which of the distinguished two governments program will be increasingly powerful? Since precluded drugs are addictive, clients will keep on purchasing the said great regardless of whether there is a high hazard including its use, also that it is costly (Kuehlwein, 2007). At the end of the day, sedate clients will keep on purchasing as long as their will be somebody who will flexibly them with those precluded medicates notwithstanding how much will it cost. Subsequently, the heightening of medication treatment projects would be increasingly powerful when contrasted with the fringe watching since the previous will decrease the habit of the medication clients which will in the long run moves its interest flexibility towards versatile interest. Then again, fringe watching will just drop down the gracefully of denied medicates in the market which just further builds its value level because of conceivable lack as experts on outskirts reallocate increasingly restricted medications. By the day's end, the base of the issue won't be fathomed by just watching on outskirts since tranquilize clients will consistently discover ways on the most proficient method to get pot or cocaine in the city. This makes the strengthening of medication treatment programs increasingly powerful since this assaults the foundation of the issue by limiting the medication reliance of clients which inevitably prompts stopping drug use. Now, it is as of now evident that through decreasing the interest of medication clients to denied medications will take care of the said issue of the administration more adequately than with the outskirt watching. It would be better with respect to the government to focus more on the medication treatment programs than with outskirt watching. Informative supplement With the medication treatment program, the flexibility of interest of medication clients will move from being inelastic to being versatile. The beneficial thing with this will be, under the flexible interest; when sedate clients will stop utilizing restricted medications, there is a major chance that they will no longer return into being drug addicts since they are no longer medication subordinate. Though, outskirt watching will do just no mischief on the interest of the medication clients and simultaneously will just lift the costs of denied sedates in the city as appeared by request curve1. Request bend 1 is inelastic while request bend 2 is versatile and the last is the end impact of the strengthening of medication treatment programs. Reference Kuehlwein, M. (2007). Cocaine and the Elasticity of Demand. Recovered February 21, 2008, from http://pictures. google. com. ph/imgres? imgurl=http://www. unc. edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/GreatIdeas/ART/GI05-12. gifimgrefurl=http://www. unc. edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/GreatIdeas/02-CoreMicro/GI-05. htmh=411w=909sz=10hl=tlstart=13um=1tbnid=wBaZSi2QPBBJ3M:tbnh=66tbnw=147prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinelastic%2Bdemand%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dtl%26sa%3DN Step by step instructions to refer to Reduction of Demand for Drugs by Incorporation of Elasticity, Papers

Ethical Self- Assessment Essay

Running head: Ethical Assessment Moral Self-Assessment Moral Self-Assessment â€Å"The motivation behind the American College of Healthcare Executives moral self-evaluation is to help distinguish an individual’s moral territories in which they are solid in, or those that need further reflection†, (ACHE, 2012). â€Å"Based on the Code of Ethics, the Ethics Self-Assessment is planned for your own utilization to help you in considering your morals related administration and actions†, (ACHE, 2012). It is likewise prompted that the morals assessement ought not be utilized as an apparatus to assess the practices of others (ACHE, 2012). After fruitful finish of the self-appraisal, I discovered that I am probably going to consider the vision and crucial my association in my everyday activity assignments. There were a ton of the inquiries in the appraisal that didn't reflect toward my everyday activities except for those that did, I constantly utilized the moral methodology of my association. I am likewise one that attempts to maintain a strategic distance from struggle and controvesy. I know now and again these are difficult to stay away from yet I attempt to however much as could be expected. I never advance conversation of questionable issues. This is likewise another method of maintaining a strategic distance from strife. â€Å"The crucial targets of the social insurance the executives calling are to keep up or improve the general personal satisfaction, poise and prosperity of each individual requiring human services administration and to make an increasingly impartial, open, compelling and proficient medicinal services system† (Board of Governors, 2011). My present work doesn't manage direct patient consideration. I gather information that is utilized for clinical research for malignant growth patients yet even in the information assortment, I am moral in my methodology. I ensure that my information is precise and gathered in an opportune way to serve the treatment result of the patient. In spite of the fact that I am not straightforwardly working with patients, I despite everything feel that it is my moral obligation to be powerful and effective in my clinical research to furnish the patients with the best conceivable patient consideration. I likewise need to be a moral good example for my kindred workers. I have aided the preparation of new representatives. I am exceptionally exact in the assortment of my information and I ingrain that in the workers that I am preparing. The ACHE Code of Ethics expresses that, â€Å"It’s important to make a hierarchical situation in which both clinical and the executives botches are limited and, when they do happen, are uncovered and tended to effectively†, (Board of Governors, 2011). It is your expert and moral duty to report any blunder that will successful the result of a patient. I would need to state that my individual morals impact my dynamic by me being a cognizance individual. I have an extremely blameworthy cognizant about not making the wisest decision. A liable cognizant permits you to settle on better choices and have better activities based off moral and good standards. There is continually something that tolls in, at whatever point I feel like the decision I am making isn't right. This can be acceptable and terrible on the grounds that now and again you should simply do what is best for the circumstance. Everything doesn't have a set in stone. It relies upon who is engaged with the circumstance and how they need it took care of. A vital arrangement to improve moral dynamic later on, would be to proceeding to satisfy the developing needs of the human services field. As a human services proficient, you need to remain current with the changes. Most permitting bodies necessitate that every single clinical expert need to do proceeding with instruction courses so as to reestablish human services licenses each couple of years. This permits the expert to remain current with all the progressions that are occurring. All in all, as social insurance proficient, it is your commitment to keep on working at better moral conduct for the association and the patients. It additionally assists with empowering that equivalent kind of condition with individual colleagues. â€Å"Work to advance a sound workplace which incorporates opportunity from provocation, sexual and other, and pressure of any sort, particularly to perform unlawful or dishonest acts†, (Board of Governors, 2011). Continuously report whatever is unscrupulous. The Code of Ethics is continuously accessible for any dubious circumstances. Reference: Hurt. (2012, July 19). Welcome to ache.org. Recovered September 6, 2013, from ACHE: http://www.ache.org/Board of Governors. (2011, November 14). AMERICAN COLLEGE OF HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES CODE OF ETHICS. pp. 1-2.

The Relationship Between Bullying And Academic Performance Essay

The Relationship Between Bullying And Academic Performance Essay The Relationship Between Bullying And Academic Performance â€" Essay Example > The relationship between bullying and academic performanceIntroductionAt some point in their lives, many children engage in bullying their peers. Bullying involves the use of aggression from a position of power and is often used to establish dominance and status within the peer group (Pellegrini, 2004; Pellegrini Bartini, 2001). It would therefore be an interesting study if one was to discuss the relationships that exist between bullying and academic performance in detail and thereby trying to justify the perspective and framework by conducting a detailed analysis of the subject. In this assignment, we discuss two project methods to justify the relationship between bullying and academic performance. In Project Method 1, the assignment will focus primarily on the evaluation and analysis of available materials to get explicit and subtle hints that would establish the relationship between academic performance and tendencies to become bullies or victims. Second, we draw conclusive ev idences based on the works of other researches to establish the theoretical model that academic performance can be an indicator to bully and victim behaviour. Beside this we will also discuss the underlying theoretical models on social, psychological, mental and intellectual behaviours that would relate the academic performance to bullying behaviour. Going ahead, we evaluate other factors that would relate to school bullying (and victimization) and poor performance. Lastly, the study makes use of personal records of school children to evaluate their tendencies to become bullies or victims before we conclude the theoretical and conceptual evidences of the possibility of academic performance as an indicator of bullying behaviour. In Project Method 2, there will be a cross-sectional research on the academic performance as an indicator of becoming a bully/ victim. This would be done by conducting a questionnaire survey of school teachers on this subject and of randomly selected school students to reveal their experience of being bullied or being a bully. The study will also focus on conducting structured interviews of randomly selected school students to identify whether they have experienced being a bully or being bullied, talk about their beliefs and why they bully or why they are being bullied highlighting the importance of the academic performance. Thereafter statistical methods will be employed in order to draw conclusions and validate the relationship of academic performance and bullying/ victim tendencies. Project Method OneThe first step is a detail evaluation and critical analysis of available materials to get explicit and subtle hints that would establish the relationship between academic performance and tendencies to become bullies or victims. Evaluation of available materialsVarious findings were as follows: There is a consensus on the argument that bullying would in-effect lead to and vice-versa. The tendency of bullying led to increased bullying a nd the tendency to being bullied led to further victimisation (Linda R. Finger, Roberto Parada, Herbert W. Marsh, and Rhonda Craven, 2003)Student-level as well as school-level factors influence students’ bullying experiences, perceptions, and attitudes. Sex is associated with students’ experiences of bullying. Age and culture are associated with students’ perceptions and attitudes towards bullying. Male and female students of different ages report different experiences of bullying but both have similar bullying perceptions and attitudes. Conversely, students of different ages and cultural backgrounds have similar experiences of bullying but both have different bullying perceptions and attitudes (Jean Healey, Martin Dowson and Genevieve F. Nelson, 2005). Reducing victimization of school students is linked with improving their academic outcomes. The school staff could easily find out that students with more number of absences are frequently in trouble at school and students wh o have more number of lengthy disciplinary records are at risk for dropping out of school. They can draw an inference that many of these students are likely to be the victims of bullying by their peers thereby affecting their academic performance. (Billie Gastic, 2008). One would need to accept at the very outset that bullying would occur when a real or a perceived imbalance of strength exists in a given group (Olweus, 1994).

Accounting and Management Report to the Board of Directors - 1650 Words

Accounting and Finance Management: Report to the Board of Directors (Coursework Sample) Content: Accounting and Finance ManagementNameInstitutionPart A: Grooves Ltd1. Report to the Board of DirectorsFrom the analysis of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financial statement, we have been able to establish its level of profitability, liquidity, gearing and asset utilization. Profitability is a critical element in an organization, and it is the ability of a business entity to earn a profit. Key profitability ratios include the net profit margin, return on assets and return on equity. In finance, liquidity of a business can be assessed from the perspective of its ability to meet its financial obligations when they become due. Common liquidity ratios include current ratio and acid test ratio. A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financial leverage is equally important is making rational financial decisions. Gearing or financial leverage shows the extent with which the company is financed by shareholders versus lenders. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financial leverage can be captured by two key rati os: debt-to-equity ratio and debt ratio. The company managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ability to make the best use of the available resources can best be assessed by primarily focusing on asset utilization. Major asset utilization ratios include fixed assets turnover, inventory turnover and accounts receivable turnover.Table 1: summary of Grooves Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financial ratios for 2013-2014Ratios Formula 2013 2014 Profitability 1. Net profit margin =Net profitSalesX100 =2250001770000X100=12.71% =1605001800000X100=8.92% 2. ROA =Net profitTotal assetsX100 =2250001462500X100=15.39% =1605001462500X100=10.97% 3. ROE =Net profitSh.equityX100 =225000750000X100=30% =160500750000X100=21.4% Liquidity 1. Current ratio =current assetscurrent liabilities =379500298500=1.27 =594000357000=1.66 2. Quick ratio =CA-inventorycurrent liabilities =379500-222000298500=0.53 =594000-354000357000=0.67 Gearing 1. Debt to equity ratio =Total debtTotal Sh.equity =3285001134000=0.29 =4320001192500=0.36 2. Debt ratio =Total debtTotal Assets =3285001462500=0.22 =4320001624500=0.27 Asset utilization 1. Fixed assets turnover =Total salesTota fixed assets =17700001083000=1.63 times =18000001030500=1.75times 2. Inventory turnover =Cost of sales Av.inventory =1020000 222000=4.59 times =1125000 288000=3.9times 3. Accounts receivable turnover =Credit salesAv.alcs receivables =1770000153000=11.57times =1800000193500=9.3times From the computations, it is clear that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s profitability was relatively higher in 2013 than in 2014. This can be deducted the fact that all the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s profitability ratios (net profit margin, ROA and ROE) were higher in 2013 than in 2014. However, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s liquidity level seems to be relatively higher in 2014 compared to 2013. This is because; all the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s liquidity ratios (computed in table 1) are higher in 2014 than in 2013. Equally, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financial leverage (gearing ratios) seems to have in creased in 2014 presenting a higher financial risk. There seems to be a mixed result on the level of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s asset utilization based on the compuations. In terms of current asset utilization, the company seems to have been more efficient in 2013 compared to 2013. Although it can be argued that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s efficiency (in fixed asset utilization) was higher in 2014 relative to 2013.2. Assessing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s working capital cycle is an integral part of financial management. According to Tennent (2010), working capital cycle refers to the time take to convert a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s working capital (current assets and current liabilities) into cash. WCC is given by:WCC=Inventory turnover (in days) + Days in account receivable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Days in accounts payableTable 2: The Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s WCC for 2013 and 2014Particulars 2013 2014 Inventory tunover (in days) =Av. inventorycost of goods soldX365=2220001020000X365=79.44days =Av. inventorycost of go ods soldX365=2880001125000X365=93.44days Days in accounts receivable =Av. accounts receivableAnnual credit sales X365=1530001770000 X365=31.55days =Av. accounts receivableAnnual credit sales X365=1935001800000 X365=39.24days Days in accounts payable =Av. accounts payablecost of salesX365=900001020000X365=32.21days =Av. accounts payablecost of salesX365=1020001125000X365=33.09days WCC =78.78=79 days =99.59=100days In computing the above WCC, some assumptions have been made. First, since the beginning amounts for inventory, trade receivables and trade payables for 2013 are not available; their end year figures have been taken to represent the average inventory, average trade receivables and average trade payables. Besides, since the information on net annual purchases is not available in both years, the cost of sales is used instead. We also assume that all sales were on credit.From the above computations, it is clear that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s WCC (in days) is higher in 2014 than i n 2013. This implies that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s liquidity position in 2014 has dropped from the previous year.Part B: Goodfellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s LtdQuestion 1 * Payback periodPayback period=Initial investmentAnnual net cash inflowNet annual cash inflow=Annual cash inflow-annual cash outflowNet annual cash inflow=  £580,000 -  £130,500Net annual cash inflow=  £449500Payback period= £1,500,000.  £449500Payback period=3.337 yearsDepreciation of the machinary has been ignored since it is a non-cash item. * The accounting rate of returnAccounting rate of return=Average profitAverage investmentAnnual depreciation = (Initial investment-salvage value)/Useful of machineAnnual depreciation = ( £1,500,000- £150,000)/6 yearsAnnual depreciation =  £225000Average profit= Net annual income-Annual depreciationAverage profit= ( £449500- £225000) =  £224500Average investment= (Cost of machine+residual value)/2Average investment = ( £1,500,000/2) = £750000Accounting rate of return= £224500 £750000X100Accounting rate of return=29.93% * Net present valueSince taxes are not considered, depreciation will be ignored.Year Net cash inflow PV Factor at 8% PV 1 449500 0.926 416237 2 449500 0.857 385222 3 449500 0.794 356903 4 449500 0.735 330383 5 449500 0.681 306110 6 599500 0.630 377685 Total 2172540 NPV=PV of net cash inflows-Initial investmentNPV= ( £2172540- £1500000) =  £672,540 * Internal rate of returnIRR=Ra+NPVaNPVa-PNVb(Rb-Ra)Where:Ra=Lower discount rate with positive NPVRb=Higher discount rate with negative NPVNPVa= Net present value at RaNPVb= Net present value at RbLet Rb be 22% and Ra be 21%.Therefore, NPVa will be given as follows.Year Net cash inflow PV Factor at 21% PV 1 449500 0.8264 371467 2 449500 0.6830 307009 3 449500 0.5645 253743 4 449500 0.4665 209692 5 449500 0.3855 173282 6 599500 0.3186 191001 1506194 NPVa= ( £1506194- £1 500000) = £ 6194NPVb will be calculated as follows:Year Net cash inflow PV Factor at 22% PV 1 449500 0.8196 368410 2 449500 0.6719 302019 3 449500 0.5507 247540 4 449500 0.4514 202904 5 449500 0.3700 166315 6 599500 0.3033 181828 Total 1469016 NPVb= ( £1469016- £1500000) = £ -30984IRR=21%+ £ 6194 £ 6194+ £30984(22%-21%)IRR=21%+0.1667IRR=21.17% (Two decimal places)Question 2Capital budgeting technniques are arguably coupled with a numb...