Family history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family history - Essay ExampleMy parents would also draw us out for a treat after these classes and this was another thing that made us forever and a day look forward to Fridays.Both my paternal and sweepernal uncles and aunts are also staunch Muslims and as a result of this factor, entirely of my cousins have been brought up to become Muslims. In retrospect, I guess that I neer really understood what it meant for one to be a Muslim until my grandparents paid us a spacious visit during one summer vacation when I was about 9 divisions old.When my grandparents paid us a visit, I soon noticed that my grandfather had the habit of rolling out his prayer mat and praying up to five times a day. To me, this was oddly peculiar as I was accustomed to seeing my family pray in the morning before everyone left the house for the day and in the evening when we all got back home safely. My curiosity led me to question my grandfather why he was always praying. I will never forget the genial s mile that he gave me as his old wrinkled cheek beamed at me. He picked me up and settled me on his knees and then explained to me that to him, being a good Muslim was not just praying and going to the Mosque every Friday, instead Islam for him was a way of life. He explained to me that to him being a good Muslim should be evident in all his actions and thoughts. As a nine year old kid, what my grandfather said to me that day did not really make any sense solely as I grew older, I came to gradually realize the profound wisdom that was embedded in that inadequate talk that I had with my grandfather.Although all my paternal and maternal relatives are all Muslims, their devotion to the faith is rather different. While my fathers family is quite devote to the faith, my maternal family is a bit more promiscuous and most of them do not pray on a daily basis and at times, few of my cousins sometimes fail to go to the mosque on Friday and instead stay at home either watch movies or pla ying video games.I once asked one of my maternal aunts why

Q7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Q7 - Essay exemplificationWe can not say with certainty that the specific programming environment is best for particular use. hither we have variety of programming environments that are functional and efficient in diverse domains. Their working position is linked to the area of the system development. So the choice of a best programming environment is doable to a definite aspect of system development and application development. Each programming environment is even to specific domain of system development, like that web, desktop, scientific, real- succession, etc. applications. There is no such excellent programming environment exist for the development of the all kinds and type of the applications (Bishop-Clark et al. 2006).Integrated Development Environment or IDE package program is fundamentally software or programs to develop/build other programs or applications. They are usually software editing location by pith of advance tools to aid the developers and programmers to w rite and develop the code rapidly as well as proficiently. For instance PHP is an IDE system that is capable to build PHP driven website applications by means of a blend of PHPEclipse and Eclipse (Des Rivires & Wiegand, 2004).Here main advantage we have is regarding the less time and thrust for the software development and execution. These applications of Integrated Development Environment systems typically proffer assortment of facilities and attributes for the healthy execution as well as coding (development) of the applications. These features facilitate the coders, programmers, and developers to take the advantages regarding the less time and effort for the software development. The intact design with an Integrated Development Environment can be built or developed quickly as well as easily. Its features and tools are believed to ease the management stop calamity mistakes, resources as well as offer shortcuts (Des Rivires & Wiegand, 2004).The

Case Study - Mountain Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study - Mountain Bank - hear ExampleUniversalistic approach Universalistic approach focuses on identifying a set of practices that atomic number 18 beneficial to all transcriptions. It has a number of practices known as the commitment strategy that atomic number 18 beneficial to organizations. Practices in the commitment strategy give an impression that management cares about its employees. The strategy also ensures that employees have the dressing and freedom to pursue important job tasks. Mountain Bank should ensure that the tellers are treated wellhead and know that they are valued as they are the main contact persons with the customers. A good and perpetrate change state force has been proved to increase efficiency in an organization and therefore increasing the boilersuit productivity of the organization. Employees should be well trained on their tasks as they are the main drivers of customer gladness in the organization. Long term commitment will also assist in f acilitating the strategy of leverage the strong retailing clientele to taking up their services in the real estate and incorporated areas. Human Resource Strategies There are four human resource strategies that an organization can pick out up and these take the internal/ represent approach, international/cost approach, internal/differentiation approach and external/differentiation approach. ... This strategy emphasizes hiring and retaining loyal employees who do task as per instructions given. Organizations with this strategy design work so that employees have broad roles and perform a variety of different tasks. Persons recruited and hired fit the organization culture and have a potential to become loyal employees. Efforts are made to satisfy the unavoidably of employees and number a strong bond that reduces the likelihood of employee turnover. Organizations with this human resource strategy hire tidy sum early in their careers and provide them with extensive training in a n umber of different skills. Careers include different positions and promotions are made into positions that are not closely related to previous experiences. Performance appraisals are designed to facilitate cooperation rather than competition, thus encouraging team work. Compensation includes long-term incentives and benefits. Unions which help build feelings of unity are common in organizations with this kind of strategy. The external orientation combined with a cost leadership strategy results in a Bargain Laborer HR strategy. The emphasis of this strategy is on obtaining employees who do not demand high wages. Organizations with this strategy design work so that managers can tightly control employee efforts. Each employee is given clearly defined tasks that can be learned easily. People are recruited and hired to perform simple tasks that do not require clearly developed skills. Minimal anxiety is given in meeting the long-term needs of employees. Organizations with this human re source strategy dont provide careers with clear paths for promotion and advancement. Performance appraisal focuses on a day-to-day feedback and rarely incorporates schematic measures. Training is

Ethical Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Challenges - Essay ExampleSection II. Background study on Each of the Organizations II.1 The Society of lord Journalists Background information gathered from the official website of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) has identified its founding date in 1909 (Society of Professional Journalists, 2013). Its existence is embodied in the simple cultivation of working to improve and protect journalism (and is) dedicated to encouraging the free practice of journalism and touch high standards of ethical behavior (Society of Professional Journalists, 2013, par. 1). It reveals a total of about 9,000 members globally and reportedly operates with an annual budget of about $1.7 million (Society of Professional Journalists, 2013). II.2 The International necktie of occupation Communicators The International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) was noted to have been founded in 1970 and was designed to provide a professional network of about 15,000 stock communica tion professionals in over 80 countries (International Association of Business Communicators, 2013, par. 1). The organization has boasted of having been able to establish degree centigrade chapters globally and expects the number to continue manifesting an increasing trend. II.3 American Marketing Association The American Marketing Association (AMA) was reported to have been established in 1937 and has consistently grown with over 30,000 members who work, teach and study in the field of marketing across the globe (American Marketing Association, 2013, par. 1). The organizations mission was explicitly stipulated towards steer the practice, teaching and development of marketing knowledge worldwide (American Marketing Association Our Mission, 2013, par. 1). Section III. Tabular leaning of Ethical Issues Ethical Issues SPJ IABC AMA Preamble (purpose of the code) For public enlightenment Because professional communicators affect the lives of people To act as stewards in promoting high est standards of ethics Honesty Through seeking the truth and reporting it fostering the free full point of essential information in accord with the public interest (IABC, 2013, par. 7) to be forthright in traffic with customers and stakeholders (AMA, 2009, p. 2) Do No Harm Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect (SPJ, 1996, p. 1) chorus line from taking part in any undertaking which the communicator considers to be unethical (IABC Articles, 2013, par. 5) avoiding harmful actions or omissions by embodying high ethical standards and adhering to all applicable laws and regulations in the choices we make (AMA, 2009, p. 2) Acting Independently Avoiding conflicts of interest (SPJ, 1996) do not accept undisclosed gifts or payments (IABC Articles, 2013, par. 10) Through ethical values of fairness and foil (AMA, 2009) Be Accountable Provide exact information and solicit publics response (SPJ, 1996) disseminate accurate information and promptly correct any erroneous communication (IABC Articles, 2013, par. 2) Through the ethical value of citizenship, responsibility, and transparency (AMA, 2009) Other Ethical Values Credibility, Freedom of Speech, Cultural Sensitivity, Conformity to Legal Laws, Acknowledging the words of others, Confidentiality (IABC, 2013)

Financial Analysis and Pricing Structure Research Paper

Financial Analysis and Pricing Structure - interrogation Paper ExampleOff 2 naan nans is a service organization with a fundamental emphasis on using corporate social responsibility as a positioning and war-ridden tool. The target market for the company is the senior citizen aged 60 to 100, with a secondary market consisting of immobilized shut-ins of change age categories to assist in r compensateue production. Off 2 Gran Grans results assistance services, such as house cleaning and errand running for medications and groceries, with a supplementary service for visitation, consisting of gate keeping services and social relationship development. Being alone is rather frightening to most senior citizens supporting psychologists stating that warm interpersonal relationships be the most fundamental of human necessitates (Brammertz and Akkizidis 9). Off 2 Gran Grans go away provide psychological adjustment for its target consumers and also fill a tangible need that require fulfi lling collectable to limited mobility, lack of access to transportation, and lack of family and social support. Financial Analysis for Off 2 Gran Grans In the monetary analysis of the products and services that Off 2 Gran Grans, the wrinkle exit need to re-evaluate the number of customers that are likely going to require its services and determine the revenue that it expects from the services it will offer to the customers (Brammertz and Akkizidis 9). ... The business will also need to estimate the expected return on investment funds before venturing into business. This will aid the decision on how much to invest in the business and even estimate the time that the business is going to require in order o break even. The financial analysis for the above company is going to encompass three main areas, that is, the net present value, the esthesia analysis, and the break-even analysis (Lee, Lee and Lee 25). This is important in leveraging the company in a business that has negative reviews from customers. However, this will enable the business to identify where its competitors have been failing and correct it before backing out to provide the services to the spate. Break-even analysis The understanding of the break-even in a business is important because it helps in fixing the financial status of any business. As a service provider, Off 2 Gran Grans will need to have a a competitive price for its services and products to the elderly people that will be identifiable with the customers. The business will have to take a number of initiatives that are geared towards ensuring that fixed expenses like rent, electricity and others are kept to the minimum with a view of case down on the operation costs (Shim and Siegel 32). In determining the breakeven point, Off 2 Gran Grans will require to have 200 customers who will be charged $100 per month as alimentation costs. Since the organizations initial investments is between $58,000 and $95,000, the company therefore should expect to break even in five years time. However, with investment in advertisement each year, this period may be decreased to 3 years. Sensitivity

How far can Bernhard Schlink's novel 'The Reader' be understood as an Essay

How far can Bernhard Schlinks novel The contributor be understood as an exami estate of the role vie by history in the construction of cultural identities - Essay ExampleBy paralleling these events and the consequences for one nation of people, Schlink makes the point that history contributes to the construction of cultural identities.Schlink speaks through Michael crisphead lettuce, the narrator of the first part of his novel The Reader. through Berg, the idea of guilt by association transcend to mark the cultural identity of post contend Ger many a(prenominal). Berg writesWhile acknowledging the Third Reichs active role in the atrocities of World War II, and his obedient complicity under the auspices of the Third Reich, Berg is also accepting that the entire nation of Germans has been stained by the war crimes.It did not just apply to what had happened in the Third Reich. The fact that Jewish gravestones were being defaced with swastikas, that so many old Nazis had made c ato mic number 18ers in the courts, the administration, and the universities, that the Federal Republic did not recognize the state of Israel for many years, that emigration and resistance were handed down as traditions less often than a life of accordance of rightsall this filed us with shame, even when we could point at the guilty parties. (Schlink, 169-170)All of the countries attributes, past and present are skewered by recollections of this unpleasant past. In this way, Germans can rarely take pride as a refining in their accomplishments and if and when they do, that pride is fractured by the collective guilt and shame that blemishes the countrys history. Bergs love affair with and his feelings for Hanna an SS guard are symbolic of the dilemma for Germans cultural identity. The following excerpt from The Reader is demonstrative of this kind of cultural symbolismThe worst were the dreams in which a hard, imperious, cruel Hanna aroused me sexually I woke from them fill of longing a nd shame and rage. And full of fear about who I really was. (Schlink, 47)Bergs feeling for

Activist Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activist Letter - Essay ExampleThis moisture brings about the cooling effect on the earth surface. In brief, these mean that chop the trees off and raise the global temperatures. If the global temperature increases then on that point will be a percentage increase of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees regulate the atmospheric coulomb dioxide levels by utilizing it during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide level has consequently accumulated to alarming levels due to tree falling. Large amounts of nose candy dioxide in the atmosphere deplete the ozone layer (Prout, Tanya and Daniel 172). The harmful ultraviolet sun rays, therefore, reach the ground so ca exploitation skin cancer.Trees are known to provide a cheap source of energy. Charcoal and firewood is largely used by people in most part of the world to provide energy. Industries and local homes eudaemonia from this as coal, and petroleum products seem to be expensive compared to tree products. Once one tree is brought down, i t should be a must for it to be replaced by planting another tree. Failure to do that, it will matter in the decline in biodiversity or it may cause an extinction of many species. Even those using trees as sources of energy will find it hard if trees are cut and not replaced. Down of microbic community are exposed and killed by the adverse weather caused by cutting down of trees, so bacterias helps in recycling nutrients that might pollute water and render it unclean for deglutitionIn conclusion, if the biodiversity of this earth is to be maintained then let the trees are protected and conserved. It is as if all living thing on earth depends on trees for clean air, water and as energy sources on the dot to name a

Network design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Network design - hear ExampleHowever, ABC Company can achieve these capabilities by implementing a corporate network engine room system that can offer the business varied facilities, tools, and services such as selective information sharing, communication, files transfer, and linking different departments inside the company. The management of ABC wants to implement a computer network in order to promote business productivity and provide better services to its clients. In addition, the management is willing to invest hard in new facilities and equipments or providing a consistently superior standard of services.With the traditional ways of data sharing and communication the ABC Company is facing a lot of problems in managing the business activities. approximately problems with the traditional running(a) arrangement ar given belowSince, the problems and issues ABC Company is facing are very critical. To effectively deal with these problems and issues there is need to implement an effective network by devising use of latest tools and technologies. The new network technology based platforms will be aimed at religious offering a better business support and working capabilities. The new technology platform will be a centralized business network arrangement that will offer better business working and operational

Information Security Policy Document (ISPD) Assignment

study Security Policy Document (ISPD) - Assignment ExampleOrganizations be dependent on these digital communication channels for transferring and exchanging classified information such as confidential information, mission springy information and information that is published for the people. As information is a blood life of any organization, it is vital to protect information by implementing physical, logical and environmental controls. In the context of protecting information certificate, trio fundamental factors must be considered to make use of digitized information in an effective manner i.e. Confidentiality, righteousness and Availability. As there is a requirement of protecting this digital information intern wholey and externally, policy is a control that provides necessary steps, procedures and processes to protect information. These are also considered as high take aim statements derived from the board of the organization. Information trade protection policy is there fore considered an essential tool for information security management (Ilvonen 2009). However, information security policy is customized by company to company and department to department. Different factor that may influence to sartor the policy includes organization size, dependence on information systems, regulatory compliance and information classification scheme. For addressing all issues link to information security via a single policy is not possible, however, to cover all aspects related to information security, a set of information security policy document focusing on distinguishable group of employees within the organization is more suitable. This paper will discuss different factors that must be taken in to account when constructing and maintaining an information security policy. However, there are many methods available for constructing an information security policy, the initial step before adopting any one of the methods is to identify the current maturity level of th e policy construction process within the organization. The outputs will be either no information security policy breeding process in place or there is an extensive policy development process exists. As University of Wales has inaugurated a new bespoke digital forensic and information security science laboratory, we will use a phased approach that will use a basic policy framework that will address key policies followed with the development of more policies. Likewise, the phased approach will also revise the existing policies that are already in place. In the current scenario there is no policy in place, as the laboratory is new. One key element for a policy development process is the process maturity level. For instance, a newly derived comprehensive and complex security policy cannot be successful because organizations need time for compliance. prevalent pitfalls for compliance are different organization cultures, lack of management buy-in, insufficient resources and many other factors. For a newly inaugurated forensic laboratory, the initial

Fiedler Contingency Theory vs House-Path Goal Theory Term Paper

Fiedler Contingency Theory vs House-Path Goal Theory - circumstance Paper ExampleIt concludes that n unmatchable of the theories can be applied single handedly hence, they need to be correlated. recognize words contingency theory, goal path theory, leadinghip, and management. Fiedler Contingency Theory vs House-Path Goal Theory Introduction leading is increasingly becoming an interesting subject of study with various theories emerging to explain why many leaders ar more than effective than others argon. Such theories open up our minds to the various leadership approaches and amend our leadership skills. The theories include trait theories, power and influence theories, behavioral theories, contingency theories, and path theories. This essay impart focus on Fiedlers Contingency and Houses Path Theory as models of analyzing leadership (Lussier & Achua, 2010). Fiedlers contingency theory and its applicability Fiedlers contingency theory is the brainchild of Fred Fiedler a scie ntist who majored in leadership and personality. The model posits that in that location is no standard style of leadership instead the leadership styles take depend on the situation and circumstances. As such, the leadership style depends on the situations favorable. The first step in the model is identifying the leadership style. Fiedler holds that leadership styles are fixed and can be measured through a model he refers to as the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale. The scale requires one to consider the person they roll in the hay working with the most and rate them for each factor then give them a score. The factors include friendliness, cooperation, pleasance, sincerity, loyalty, kindness, cheerfulness, openness, supportiveness, calmness, and acceptance (Nohria & Khurana, 2010). If the person scores high then you are a relationship-oriented leader. If the score is low then you are a task-oriented leader. This implies that task oriented leaders render more negative LPCs. Fi edler also refers to them as low-LPC leaders (Lussier & Achua, 2010). He explains that such leaders are effective in task completion and quick in organizing groups to accomplish a particular task. Relationship building is not their priority. On the other hand, the relationship-oriented leaders have LPCs that are more positive. They are also known as high-LPC leaders. They focus on personal connections and are effective in avoiding managerial conflict. They can also make complex decisions (Sadler, 2003). The next step to ones type of leadership is through situational favorableness. Fiedler relates this to three factors. First is the leader-member relations, which is the trust, and confidence the team has in their leader. A leader that is trusted is in a more favorable situation than one who is not. Then there is the task structure, which is the clarity or vagueness of the task being performed. Unstructured tasks put the team and their leader in an unfavorable situation. The last is t he leaders position of power, the more power a leader has the more favorable the situation. Application Fiedlers theory main premise is that a leader in a strict and task-oriented environment has different qualities from one in an open-minded environment. The theory helps to improve leader-member relationships by fate both the leaders and the group members to understand group problems and help solve them. It also allows for consultation and feedback in spite of appearance an organization. The model prepares leaders and other group members to work with difficult individuals (Nohria & Khurana,

To what extent should individusl liberties be compromised in the name Essay

To what extent should individusl liberties be compromised in the name of national security - Essay ExampleI will be presenting arguments in favor of individual liberties compromised in the name of national security and provide a counter argument, which I espouse. In this regard, I maintain that individual liberties should be minimally compromised, if possible not compromise at all, even in the name of national security due to the fundamental principles which serves as the country freedom, comparability and democracy. And because of the fact that United States is a country of immigrants.Generally, liberty presupposes the supposition that a forgiving person is a rational agent, capable of making decisions and has the freedom to act upon the decision that he/she has arrived. This is necessary in methodicalness for the human person to flourish and realize his/her potentialities. This presupposition is deemed inherent in all human beings as human beings. However, in reality, not ever ybody can do anything that he/she wants because it may cause harm to others. As such, plurality have decided to enter into an agreement creating the state so that they can live peacefully, continue breathing together and pursue the good life. In this sense, it can be impugned that the state is created by the people, for the people and by dint of the people. In return, the state provides protection to life, liberty and properties of the people. However, 9/11 has created the condition wherein the state has to impinge on individual liberties in order to protect the lives and properties of the greater majority since after 9/11 the theme front has become the battlefront (Wolfowitz 2002 as cited in Krikorian 461).In this sense, there are those who advocate the idea that the state in the name of national security should be given more room to violate on individual liberties and that individual liberties should be curtailed to the extent that the protection and security of the

A Doll's House Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Dolls House Play - Essay ExampleIt would also be discussed whether her decision to leave are justified or not. The Fisher girl costume that Nora wore in the take symbolizes the pretentious modus vivendi that she was living as this was used to leaven that she was hiding at a lower place this costume. Italy as used in the play also symbolizes the false image that was portrayed by Nora. The macaroon that was eaten by Nora also tested Noras deceit to her keep up. Nora was unreal to her husband and she definitely hid her feelings from him and this was the symbolism of the Macaroon in the play. Are you happy now? There - in that location - there - dont look like a frightened little dove - the whole things just sheer imagination. Now, you must(prenominal) rehearse your tarantella - with the tambourine. Ill go sit in the inner room and shut the doors, so you underside make all the noise you like - I shant hear a thing. (Ibsen 190). The tarantella dance by Nora also suggests her u nhappiness as a wife and a fetch. This tarantella dance was used to show Noras struggle with life and her agitation with her husband. Nora, darling, youre dancing as if your life depended on it (Ibsen 204). Evidence to show that Nora is unhappy with the life that she leads as a wife and mother was when she realized that she had been hiding under another(prenominal) persons shadow and pretending to be what she was not. ... She was also not happy that, she had to secretly run in install to pay off her loan as it was illegal for a woman to compass a loan without the consent of her husband. These were signs that she was unhappy with the way she lived as a wife and a mother as she could no longer continue living like that. Nora was blackmailed by Krogstad and it was actually after this that readers would realise that she is unhappy. She then begins to consider her concept of freedom and decide within herself whether she was happy or not. It was at this bit that the reader begins t o discover that she was unhappy with the life she led as a wife to Torvald. Thus, it was clear that Nora was unhappy with the manner at which she had been made to cope with the orders and edicts of her husband. Still it was tremendous fun sitting there working(a) and earning money. It was almost like being a man. (Ibsen 162) It was now clear that she wanted to break free from her familial obligations as she sought to pursue her own ambitions. Nora made her decision to leave after coming to the explosive realization that she was living her fathers life. She discovered that her marriage was actually contracted in order to please her father and the dictates of the society. It was Noras realization of the truth about her life that influenced her decision to leave her husband quit her marital status and abandon her children. She wanted to be free and she was of the opinion that, being under a man that her heart was not right with would hinder her from really being the kind of independ ent woman she would have loved to be. Its a sweet little bird, but it gets through a dire amount of money. You wouldnt believe how much it costs a man when hes got a little song-bird like you (Ibsen

Similarities and Differences in Tourist Attractions in Northerrn and Essay

Similarities and Differences in Tourist Attractions in matingerrn and southern California - Essay Example Federal and Southern California are the leading travel destination in California. Both regions have holidaymaker attractions, which attract tourists throughout the year (94). However, Northern California has more destinations as compared to Southern California in terms of leafy vegetables and atomic number 79 mining. Therefore, although California is aprimetourist destination in the linked differentiates, Northern California contributes more to the tourism industry as compared to the Southern California. This paper compares and contrasts Northern and Southern California in terms of their similarities and differences in entertainment, tourist attractions, and lifestyles. In Northern California, in El Dorado County, Coloma, marshal Gold Discovery State Historic Park is anoutstandingtourist attraction. The common land is situated 18 miles in the south of Auburn, or on High way 49, 9 miles on the Northern part of Placerville (95). The put has tree-lined streets, which arequietall year long. A significant number of visitors visit the position in summer or for any special events in the year. One of thememorableevents that attract visitors is theyearly recollection of the funds discovery of 1848 in every January (96-7). The park attractions sites include buildings that have continued to exist from the gold rush, trails, picnic areas, and a replica of Sutters Mill. In addition, the Gold Discovery Museum signifies gold-rush-era exhibits that include mining tools and other memorabilia (98). The parkis openeddaily while the buildings and museumare openeddaily except on Christmas, New division day, and Thanksgiving Day. Gold Bug Park is another tourist attraction in Northern California. The parkis situatedin Placerville 1 mile north of Highway 50 on Bedford Avenue (99). The parks outstanding characteristic is the Gold Bug Mine, which is atiny, terrible ro ck gold mine. The Gold Bug Mine contains two lighted streams, which are accessible to thecommunityfor self-guided trips. The streams are 147 feet and 362 feet correspondingly (100). In Addition, there are gift shop hill-walking trails, historical museum of the public area,stampmill and picnic sites. The imperium Mine State Historic Park found in the Northern California, Nevada County, is also a tourist attraction. Grass valley is where the parkis situated. In California, the Empire Mineis recognizedas the biggest, highest and the deepest operating hard rock mine. The mine produces about 6 million ounces of bullion (102). Mines buildings, restored gardens and the vendorsresidence environment the park. In addition, it has trails of 10 miles. The park offers travels of the ownershomeand themineshome. In addition, Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park attracts a significant number of tourists in Northern California. The parkis located26 miles northeast of Nevada City on North Bloomfield Road (103). The park hasenormouscliffs as a solvent ofmightystreams water that washes the entire mountains for miners to find gold. In addition, the park has a 7,847-footbedrockpassageway thatactsas a drain. Thetouristcentre comprises displays on life in the old mining town of North Bloomfield (104-5). South Yuba River State Park is also a tourist attraction in northern California. The parkis situated5 miles in the Northern city of Nevada. It extends along more than twenty miles of the South Yuba River

Culture,power,globalisation and inequality Essay

Culture,power,globalisation and inequality - Essay ExamplePower relates to which classes, groups, organisations, parties as well as individuals have the greatest modulate over what happens within their own respective countries, and sometimes upon an outside(a)ist or even global basis. Power support be cultural, multitude, naval, political, religious, or social in its origins and actual usage.2Globalisation is the way in which cultural, economic, political, religious, and social factors interact with each other in found to increase the power of non-state actors at the expense of nation states and also individuals. Inequality is a result of the ways in which the process of globalisation and the capitalist economic system operate and make some countries, organisations, or businesses richer whilst making others poorer.3The United States was mightier than a superpower, and the term uberpower was developed to describe American dominance over the international system. In other words the United States is the mightiest nation upon the earth and no single nation can hope to overturn its dominance of the global economy or the spreading of its liberal culture and determine throughout the world. It is the capitalist economic system encouraged by Britain and then the United States that has done a great deal to shape culture, power, globalisation, and inequality within the modern world.4Conversely the sheer apparent might, economic and cultural influence of the United States meant Al-Qaeda saw it as their greatest enemy in a bipolar military contest between the militantly Islamic and un-Islamic. Al-Qaeda had made increasingly daring attacks on American targets and interests during the nineties that meant they wished to carry out bolder attacks. The United States maybe an uberpower or the global hegemon, that is the greatest power within the international system but all Al-Qaeda has to do is survive and the war continues. The Americans are left with the

The Indian Ocean Tea Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Indian Ocean Tea Trade - Research Paper ExampleThe duty ecosystem that thrives in the Indian Ocean does so because of the strategic location of the Indian Ocean, whose size makes it comprises about 20 percent of the total ocean surface of the earth, and whose location makes it ideal for all kinds of business activities, spanning Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan and India to the north, Ind onesia, Australia and the Malaysian Peninsula to the east, the Arabian Peninsula and Africa to the west, and Antarctica to the South. In the southwestern fate of the Indian Ocean, the body of water shares its boundaries with the Atlantic Ocean. Here it meets the southern abrogate of the African Continent. The Indian Ocean also joins the Pacific Ocean meanwhile on its southeastern portion ( cyclopaedia Britannica, 2013). The Indian Ocean had been a traditional center of stack even in ancient times, extending as far back as the slave craftiness, where the trade in slaves in those earlier times coin cided with vision migrations of peoples across the three continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia. In modern contexts, trade in the Indian Ocean has evolved to be turn on a few depict commodities, including oil, which is the biggest decimal point of trade in the Indian Ocean, as strong as tea, rubber, coal and iron, with seafood being a relatively minor object of trade among key states along the Ocean and in the key destinations of Europe and Asia. Tourism has also grown to be a key aspect of trade in the Indian Ocean. This paper focuses on the trade in tea. (The Economist, 2013 Boston University, 2013 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013b Hatcher, 2013 Asia Society 2013 UNESCO, 2013). II. Industry Background- Tea Trade in the Indian Ocean The literature tells us that the muniment of general trade in the Indian Ocean has ancient roots, extending to the early migrations of peoples along the bordering continents, and involving not fair(a) the trade in goods but also in slaves. Slaves a re an important aspect of the ancient trade in the Indian Ocean, extending to the time of the European wave of colonization from the 16th century onwards. That trade would lift to focus on a few key commodities in more present contexts, as discussed in the Introduction, and tea is one of those key commodities. There is meanwhile a deep historical basis to the trade in tea in the Indian Ocean itself, which is the subject of this section. (The Economist, 2013 Boston University, 2013 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013b Hatcher, 2013 Asia Society 2013 UNESCO, 2013). When one talks of the modern tea trade one goes back to the roots of tea production and exercise in this part of the world, and here the references to the consumption of tea in Europe extend all the fashion back to the 16th century, with the consumption being attributed first to Lusitanian traders and adventurers to the sea, with the tea being originated in the East, in China in particular, and finding their fashion via the ancient Indian Ocean trade routes to select members of the art classes in Europe. That said, the formal attribution to tea being used as a key item of trade was given to the Dutch, who by the waning years of the 16th century had all but usurped the Portuguese role in being the facilitators of trade and the primary proponents of the routes of trade from Europe to the Far East and depravity versa. The establishment of a Dutch trading post in Java in 1606 paved the way for the initiation of the trade of tea between Holland and the Chinese.

The academic statement of purpose (Econometrics field) Essay

The academic statement of purpose (Econometrics field) - Essay ExampleHowever, my result were challenged by the potential possibility of heterogeneousness whereby agents participating and complying with the policy might also result in self-selection on marriage age even though the policy is compulsory, this is a common problem that plague closely applied social programs (Handbook of Econometrics, Chapter 70). Later on, I encountered a similar problem on a forecast regarding the impact of social security reform on savings behavior in China, I estimated the re-sentencing effect of compulsory individual pension and regular private saving, and results supported the later reforms on info selected from real individual account data to nominal individual account data which eliminated the heterogeneity problem.These experiences instilled in me a keen desire to better understand the underlying theoretical analysis on interposition effects in studies and also existing econometrics theorie s. Keeping these questions in mind, I began my course study at the University of Michigan where I learnt a number of econometric theory courses. With outstanding performance on these courses, I started working as a research assistant for my Professor on the project two- power point within-group estimator in dynamic control panel, this model extends the standard panel model when the regressors are endogenous and also integrates heterogeneity and endogenous variables separately. However, the standard within-group transformation will give a rise to another rise of endogeniety in dynamic framework and therefore further preconceived notion the estimates. Therefore, we focus on tracing each source of endogeneity and asymptotical property of estimators. I therefore encountered other dimensions of handling literature as well the two stage averaging parameter method in this project. Our problem was later solved using Donald and Newey (2001) method whereby the instrument bias was eliminated by choosing subset of instruments and averaging the parameters from each selection. These two projects were beneficial to me and they formed a solid foundation to work on more advanced theoretical topic, they encouraged me to struggle to rise to a higher and complex level of understanding of econometrics especially recent research on the subject. My current coauthor work with my Professor is the identification of quartile treatment effect when treatment is endogenous under non-separable panel framework. Recent literature on treatment effects emphasizes nonparametric identification of certain parameters, robustness, as well as certain forms of heterogeneity in responses to treatment. ((Handbook of Econometrics, Chapter 70, Chernozhukov and Hansen (2005), Chernozhukov, Fernondez-Val, Newey(2009)). We are currently working on a project which is targeting quartile treatment identification in non-separable panel using bound restriction. This project is important given that it will help me gain more cognition and also deepen my understanding of econometrics, the non-separable panel using bound restriction idea sight be extended to censored regression, whereby the bound restriction is not automatically applied. In practice, the potential result can also apply to empirical work broadly when the data is selected from the lower and upper quartiles. I am currently pleased with my performance at the university and particularly proud of working with my professor

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay Example for Free

IP Addresses fellowshipes and Special-Use IP Address Space riseIANA (profit Assigned Number Authority) assigned Internet communications protocol Address to the vendors. Internet Protocol version quaternion divided by five structure classes. The five structure classes be A, B, C, D, and E classes. What are the historic signification for classes A, B, and C? What are the destination spaces for each class? What are RFC 1918 Internet Protocol address ranges and its special use?The commencement ceremony three classes (A, B, C) are mainly for public use, and the plump two classes (D and E) are for experimental and reserved for multicast. The first gear octet in the Internet Protocol Address determines its structure class. folk A addresses are ranges from one to one hundred and twenty-six in the first octet. crystallise B addresses are ranges from one hundred twenty-eight to one hundred and ninety-one in the first octet.Class C addresses are ranges from one hundred and ninety -two to two hundred and twenty-three in the first octet. Class D addresses are ranges from two hundreds and twenty-four to two hundred and thirty-nine in the first octet. Finally, class D addresses are ranges from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty in the first octet.Class A Internet Protocol addresses are reversed for a few out surface organizations. The communicate identifiers in class A are the remaining seven bits of the first octet. Class A addresses are available up to sixteen millions host addresses. Class B addresses are for medium sized enterprise. The first two octets (16 bits) in class B Internet Protocol addresses are for network addresses. The last two octets (16 bits) in class B are for the host addresses. Class B addresses has much than 65,000 networks. Class C Internet Protocol addresses are commonly found networks in the internet.Class C Internet Protocol are private addresses. The first three octets (twenty-one bits) in class C addresses are for netw ork addresses. The last octets (eight bits) in Class C address are for host identifiers. There are more than sixteen millions network addresses in Class C Internet Protocol. Class D Internet Protocol addresses are for multicasting and is not for general use. Class D addresses are not used for public.

Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Essay Example for Free

Mental ailment and Mental Health Problems EssayThis unit aims to provide the learner with knowledge of the of import forms of amiable wellness problems according to the psychiatric classification system. Learners also consider the strengths and limitations of this model and look at alternative frameworks for consciousness psychical distress. The focus of the unit is on understanding the different ways in which mental health problems impact on the individual and others in their social network. It also considers the benefits of early intervention in promoting mental health and well-being. Credit Level 3 3 Assessment criteria The learner can 1.1 Describe the main types of mental aguish health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system mood disorders, personality disorders, care disorders, psychotic disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, cognitive disorders 1.2 exempt the key strengths and limitations of the psychiatric classification s ystemsee to a greater extentpsychiatric (dsm/icd) classification system1.3 explicate two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress 1.4 let off how mental ill health may be indicated through an individuals emotions, thinking and demeanor 2. make do the impact of mental ill health on individuals and others in their social network 2.1 Explain how individuals experience discrimination due to misinformation, assumptions and stereotypes about mental ill health 2.2 Explain how mental ill health may arrive at an impact on the individual including a. mental and emotional b. practical and monetary c. the impact of using services d. social exclusion e. positive impactsLearning outcomes The learner will 1. Know the main forms of mental ill health2.3 Explain how mental ill health may have an impact on those in the individuals familial, social or work network including a. psychological and emotional b. practical and financial c. the impact of using services d. social exclusi on e. positive impacts 2.4 Explain the benefits of early intervention in promoting an individuals mental health and well-beingNotes for GuidanceIn learning outcome 1, assessment criterion 1, learners are asked to describe the main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system. Learners should demonstrate knowledge of how types of mental health are categorize by their main signs and symptoms and how the system attempts to draw a line between mental health and mental disorder. Learners do not need to demonstrate detailed knowledge of each form of disorder deep down each category.

Jobs’ Passing Will Have No Effect on Apple’s Trajectory Essay Example for Free

Jobs red ink Will Have No Effect on orchard apple trees Trajectory Essay store that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool Ive ever encountered to protagonist me make the big choices in life Steve Jobs, 2005 Stanford Commencement Ceremony The world lost a notable when Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011. Jobs was a visionary leader and is often credited for Apples amazing transposition in the mid-nineties. For many an(prenominal) years, the world perceived Jobs and Apple as integrally linked. As a result, consumers and investors at a time question Apples future and worry that the order cannot survive without Jobs. Since Jobs passing, Tim take a leak has been tasked to continue Apples success. While Apple could potentially suffer long-term consequences from this switch, the more probable alternative is that the company will prosper because Cook is robuster leader than Jobs and can elevate Apple to a 10x level. Leadership deoxyribonucleic acid and the Collins 10X cha racteristicsVital characteristics of a Level 5 leader include a strong belief in intuition, extreme perseverance towards vision, and empathy for team up members by relying on emotional intelligence. While Jobs succeeded in many of these areas, he did not possess the entire package of leadership skills. Jobs was widely quoted for saying, Most important, have the endurance to follow your heart and intuition. This persevering attitude and strong sense of intuition helped make Apple the happy company that it is today. But Jobs was also known for showing little concern for the emotional needs of team members. harmonize to Fortune, he was considered one of Silicon Valleys leading egomaniacs. This lack of empathy prevented Jobs from being a Level 5 leader. According to Collins, the leaders who run 10x companies display extreme consistency of action with values, goals, performance standards and methods Jobs definitely encounter these criteria and was known for being fanatical about di scipline.He maintained the highest performance standards, which allowed him to push Apple to usher in on a constant basis. In addition, Jobs present both productive paranoia and empirical creativity end-to-end much of his career. He worked tirelessly with his product development teams. Whether it was the release of the Apple IIe or the release of the iPad, Jobs unendingly obsessed over any detail of the projects and demanded that Apple release only the finest products. Jobs saw market opportunities in many different avenues and pioneered the idea of the Apple Store. His extreme attention to detail required him to oversee every nuisance of a project. However, discipline and vision are not enough to create a 10x company.According to Collins, 10x companies require more than ambitious goals and determination. 10X organizations require Level 5 leaders who are able to specify all their passion and ambition into a cause or company larger than themselves. Jobs motivation was grounded in egotism and personal aggrandizement, and he was more concerned with putting a dent in the beingness than building an organization bigger than himself. Jobs was never able to elevate Apple to a 10x organizational because he was never a Level 5 leader. As a result, Tim Cook, a potential Level 5 leader, has an opportunity to test his skills and raise Apple to an organizational level that Jobs could never carry through. Tim Cooks LeadershipTim Cook has demonstrated multiple characteristics of a Level 5 leader. We believe Apple will be in a go against position for sustained success under Cooks leadership. Cook was recruited out of Compaq (Level 1 Leadership) to Apple in 1998 with a mandate to clean up the atrocious state of Apples manufacturing, distribution, and supply apparatus. Cooks leadership on this crucial transition was exemplary. He demands the highest work product from himself and his employees (Level 4 Leadership). In addition, Cook can effectively manage individuals (Le vel 3 Leadership) and one key to his success as murmur at Apple was his reliance on a tight-knit team of operations executives who have been with him since he joined the company. Cook has steadily been increasing his responsibilities since 2000, actively contributing to many different areas of the company (Level 2 Leadership).Even though Tim Cook has been a CEO only for a short time, he has shown himself to be a potential Level 5 leader. Unlike Jobs, Cook takes on a humble leadership style. Cook is modest and does not crave the spotlight. He also accepts responsibility and admits Apples mistakes. In fact, Cook is willing to take ownership of errors made by the company, even when he could have darned it on his employees. Also, Tim Cook has clearly demonstrated his willingness to communicate with investors and employees. This was a task that Jobs frequently struggled with as he had a tendency to keep tight reins on company information. In contrast to Jobs, Cook possesses humility, m odesty, receptiveness to communication skills, which allow him to trust his workforce and build a company that is bigger than himself. This skillset provides a strong foundation for a Level 5 leader. ConclusionSteve Jobs was an innovative leader however, he did not achieve the status of a Level 5 leader. As a result, Jobs did not elevate apple to a 10x level. Jobs lacked humility, modesty, emotional intelligence and respect for others, which are crucial for a Level 5 leader. However, Tim Cook seems to realize all of these qualities. In the long run, stock prices are a reflection of trust in the ingathering of the company and the leadership team. We believe that Cooks team is at a much disclose position to carry the Apple legacy forward than it was under Jobs. Therefore, Jobs passing will have no long-term effects on Apples trajectory and the company now has a better chance to reach a 10x level. 1 . http//news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html 2 . Id. 3 . http//arch ive.is/20120604/http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/03/19/8402325/index.htm 4 . Collins Great by Choice Page 36 5 . Collins Great by Choice Page 37 6 . http//money.cnn.com/2008/11/09/ applied science/cook_apple.fortune/index.htm, pp. 1 7 . http//money.cnn.com/2008/11/09/technology/cook_apple.fortune/index.htm, pp. 2 8 . http//articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-31/national/35500675_1_john-browett-scott-forstall-craig-federighi 9 . http//www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2012/10/04/steve-jobs-apple-year-later/1577271/ 10 . http//articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-31/national/35500675_1_john-browett-scott-forstall-craig-federighi 11 .

Different Cultures And Traditions Essay Example for Free

Different Cultures And Traditions analyzeUsing schoolbooks from distinguishable cultures and traditions discuss how free allow for or determinism in form of development or outgrowth of the stories. (1500 2500 dustup)I believe that we argon non so free in this world change surface though most people would like to think we be. Our lives are controlled by numerous factors which we do not seem to denounce. Some people accept what their incoming is and live with it, with out even attempting to change it. luckily panorama there are besides the same amounts of people who can see their own future except strive to do what perpetually they can to change it for the better. now through out this quiz I will equivalence two stories which are veronica and dry land Lovers. thither are some(prenominal) instances in these stories of how if the primary(prenominal) character in the drool make a different decision than the outcome of the layer would chip in been completely different. So we will see what might withstand happened if the character made a different choice later on in this piece unless first I will talk about the different ushers of view brought out in these stories.We shall start of with the bilgewater of speed vigorous. This fabrication is of a girl and a boy who are best friend and they live in sort of a poor village in Africa and the boy Okeke gets a chance to go to the city and education at university due to a scholarship which he had won and Okeke asks veronica to come alone she decides to stay. When Okeke, afterward finishing his course at university as a doctor comes back to the village he sees Veronica in her dying moments. When Okeke asks to save her she refuses because her husband had died and her son had died also so she had nothing else to live for. straight Okeke thinks Veronica should nominate left with him and become his secretary and should provoke attended nighttime classes where as Veronica thinks she shoul d stay because she hates to leave her family behind even though her father was a brute and beat her.If we were to compare the points of view established in the business relationship Veronica with the raised in the story of Country Lovers. (This is the story of Thebedi and Paulus.) This story introduces Paulus Eysendyck, a white farmers son, and Thebedi, the black daughter of matchless of the farm workers. As nipperren, Paulus and Thebedi played together, but when they are teenagers they begin a sexual human relationship. They ca-ca tender feelings for each other, even though their relationship is ultimately doomed in the end. Thebedi marries Njabulo, a kind young black man who has loved her for long time. ii months later, Thebedi gives birth to a light- disrobened child. That Thebedi is pregnant when she marries is not considered scandalous because men in this culture oft insist on finding out before marriage if their women are barren.The childs light skin, however, reveals w ho the father rightfully is. Still, Njabulo treats the foil as if the child were his own. Paulus learns that Thebedi has married and has a light-skinned child. He panics about the child and visits Thebedi in her hut. He asks her to give the frustrate to someone else to raise, but she does not. Two days later, he asks to see the child alone. Waiting outside the hut, Thebedi hears soft groaning sounds, and the fuck up soon dies. Officials discover that the baby was poisoned, and Paulus is arrested. Initially, Thebedi feel outs that she knows he poisoned the baby, but when the footrace comes, she claims that she does not know what he did in the hut. Paulus is set free.There are clearly two offend points of view which you can clearly see. The point of view of Paulus and Njabulo. Now Paulus is very judgemental and sparingly racist. I take this because he wanted to and did kill the baby just because it was light skinned. I can also say this because of the following quote you must give it to someone this proves he is quite racist because he is trading the baby an it who is quite disrespectful. Also there is also a quote which suggests that he could have been the one to kill the baby I feel like killing it myself this also adds some extra raise against him for killing the baby. And then there is the point of view of Njabulo which is he loves the baby so much he uses the small wages which he gets from his farm work to buy the baby what ever it needs and could ever want.He is such a devoted father. But then again though I queer that Njabulo might not believe that the baby is not his, I say this because of what he says for Thebedis birthday notice he says Thebedis baby and not their or his birthday which makes me say that he does believe at heart himself that the baby is his own. I suspect he may think that because the baby has got light coloured skin and because they are both black he would have thought that the baby would have had the same coloured skin as the parent and because the babys skin is light coloured he might suspect that Thebedi might have had an affair with a white man and got pregnant and had a baby.Now we can choke on to psychoanalyze the language which is used in these texts. Now the language which is used in these two stories are very expressive, they allow us to feel what the character are feelings. I will start to analyse the language used in the story of Veronica. And then I will move to analyse the story of Country Lovers. This in my opinion is a very heart felt and emotional story and I feel it is quite sad that the baby died in the end and that no body was convicted for the death of the baby if there was a murderer. But before we get to that lets start with the language used in Veronica. There are many persuasive words use in this particular text.The language which I have encountered in this text I have never seen or heard of before. Many people have commented on the language which is used in these texts and it is considered to be quite complex but I shall keep and try to unravel the language in this text for you so that you may understand it as well as I have tried to. There are persuasive words a luck in this story to help us to understand what the characters in the text are feeling. Now if we move on to analyse the language which is used in Country Lovers. The language which is used in this text is quite complex also so I will try to impart with you the knowledge which I have learnt about the language of this text. Many may say that the words are quite transparent but the thing which is hard about the language in this text I the inner meanings within these words which means there is a meaning within a meaning.Now I have scrutinised the language, I will now go on to analyse the structure. There are two primary(prenominal) things in the structure which need to be discussed and they are story and characters.I shall start by discussing the story in both of the stories. I have explain ed at the beginning of this piece the main story lines of these stories but in this paragraph I will go more in to depth about how the motive of this story has kept the reader interested and leaving them wanting more. In Veronica for example this story is quite before long, even though the story is short does not mean that the story is not fire or boring. Short stories are just as interesting as novels or long novels.In this story the causality has not used many difficult or hard to understand words and all the long / hard words are necessary to give the effect which is given. The author also made it easier for the readers understand what the characters in the story are feeling. For example we said goodbye and she hurtled away. I thought I saw a tear in her eyes as she turned to go. From this quote I can tell that Veronica was really sad about Okeke leaving her and she wanted to avoid a long goodbye because she probably knew the longer she stayed with him the more upset she woul d get about the thought of him leaving.Now I will move on to analyse the story in Country Lovers. This story is slightly longer than Veronica but is still very interesting. The author of this text does not use many long/ hard words but she does not need to the story is powerful enough and gets the point across without the need to use long and difficult words. This story is quite descriptive, for example Hidden by the mesh of old, ant eaten trees the more descriptive a story is the better picture of what is happening in the story. If the author is too descriptive it is boring and if there are only few words of exposition then it isnt very good to get a picture of what is happening in your head. But the author of this story has found the right limit.Now I move on to talk about the characters in these stories. In Veronica there are only two main characters and they are Okeke and Veronica. Now these characters are very well made up and they were designed to play off each other. Where as Veronica is quite resistant to move Okeke is quite happy to try to persuade Veronica to move with him to the bountiful city.Where as in Country Lovers there is Thebedi, Njabulo and also Paulus. Njabulo is quite a shy and retiring lineament where as Paulus is the alpha male and is more demanding and quite mean and strict. And Thebedi last of all is quite laidback but when she was required of it she was not afraid to stand up for herself.Finally I will analyse if the main characters had main a different choice then what would have happened and how the ending would have been changed. I will start with the story of Veronica. If Veronica had decided to go with Okeke and work as a secretary to him and goes to night classes then she probably would have led a happier and fuller life and also would not have died as early as she did and she would have had a happy and rich family life. In the story of Country Lovers what would have happened if different decisions were made. If Thebedi did not have a sexual relationship with Paulus in her teenage years then he probably would not have come back in her life and Thebedis baby would not have died. Also Njabulo and Thebedis relationship would have been stronger and better.To bring a conclusion to this piece both pieces are brilliant in the way that they are written and put together. They are fantastic short reads which I would recommend to any one to read and also if you wanted to read about different cultures and traditions.

Racism in Morocco Essay Example for Free

Racism in Morocco EssayAP History Take plateful test Yasser Benamirouche1-compare and contrast president Polks willingness to go to state of war against Mexico over Texas but not against Britain over Oregon. I believe that there is political and economical tenablenesss behind that.. Britain is a much stronger enemy and I do not think it was a good idea to go to war with them because it might end gravely for the U.S while Mexico that just got its freedom it was an easy target I believe and it kinda was the case because the unite States one the war and got Texas and more. A second reason will be that Polk being from the Jacksonian companionship which stood for buckle downry wanted to get Texas and make it a slave state which will give more power to the slave states while if they got Oregon it would mystify been a free state which is not what Jacksonian democrat would want.Those were the political reasons now with the economical reasons, getting Texas would open a gateway to California and therefor the trade with Southern America which will be very profitable for the United States of America. 2-what are the reason that American settlers were so eager to go west in this magazine period? Discuss the hardships they would have faced on their journey West. American settlers moving West was motivated by different ideas wish that the settlers were responsible of spreading Christianity and that the United States was meant to spread in the continent making a making a new heaven on earth and it was documented and it became the practical document Manifest Destiny which was utilize by democrats to explain their expansions the War with Mexico etc..3-Asses the hardihood of the following statementalthough Americans percieved manifest destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others I believe what was utter is very true, the Manifest Disteny was a way to explain the unexplainable which is going to war and taking over lands by killing its native habitants like in the War of Mexico and the Trails of tears, while at the same time discourage any attempt by the eastern world to take any similar actions 4-asses the validity of the following statement the Mexican war was a major reason of the American civil war.Caused by the addition of vast new territories and the fight between the southerners and northerners to see which states will be slave states and which states will not, the northerners wanted California so badly so they had to give someaffair in exchange and the thing they gave was the right for southerners to hunt down any running slaves and bring back which irritated the northerners and overheated the safe and sound debate by the end of 1850s+.

Experiment on the Effects of Eating Breakfast Essay Example for Free

Experiment on the Effects of Eating Breakfast hearIt is always said that it is important to eat a hearty eat before a outsize day to ensure success. However, does this statement hold true when it comes to eating breakfast before taking govern outpourings? We designed an experiment which would put an answer to this question. The experiment trial runs the spectrum of standardized test scores of those who ate breakfast versus the scores of those who ate cipher. This experiment would be a single blind study because the scientists would not be biased therefore they would have no reason to alter the test results it is a purely seek type experiment. There would be two groups involved in the experiment- the experimental group, which would be given a hearty breakfast thirty minutes prior to taking the test, and the control group, which would be given nothing to eat. The two groups would then be given the same amount of time to take identical tests. The test scores of the experimen tal group would be compared to the scores of the control group. If, as a whole, the breakfast-eating groups scores were higher than the other groups, it would prove that eating before taking a test would be beneficial to the grade received.The breakfast would be the in babelike variable and the scores would be the dependent variable. It would be important for the scientists to receive informed consent because they could not just experiment without the persons permission because of ethical reasons. We learned a lot from doing this project. We learned how to set up a mental experiment and identify different components of that experiment. We liked the satisfaction of setting up and describing our own experiment successfully. We disliked the rest of it. We designed an experiment to test how eating breakfast impacts the outcome of test scores interpreted shortly afterwards.

Famous Creative Thinkers Essay Example for Free

Famous Creative Thinkers EssayColumn A Steve Wozniak ( data processor engineer, orchard apple tree) (University of Phoenix, 2012) Steve Wozniak was born(p) in San Jose, California in 1950 the son of an engineer. Wozniak developed a love for electronics in his early years. His grades neer showed his intelligence, he was just good at building electronics from scratch.While attending the University of California at Berkeley he worked for Hewlett-Packard, and then he met Steve Jobs. Wozniak and Jobs together started apple in 1976. Wozniak quit his job with Hewlett-Packard to work on the Apple project full time. Wozniak worked on the computer while Jobs did the marketing.Wozniak built from scratch the Apple I and Apple II computers by 1983 Apple stock was around $985 million. Due to personal reasons he ended his define with Apple in 1987. The reason behind the resignation was an injury in 1981. While piloting his reclusive plane crashed near Santa Cruz City Park. The crash creat ed several injuries including amnesia.Even though his injuries were vast he was amenable for the first programmable remote control. He has written several books on technology, assisted in establishing the Electronic bourn Foundation in 1990. He also was the founder of WoZ, Wheels of Zeus to attempt wireless GPS technology. Wozniak works as a chief scientist for the Fusion Company since 2008.Column B dump ground ball (computer scientist (University of Phoenix, 2012) Grace grounder was born in New York City in 1908. She studied math and physics at Vassar College. She reliable a masters degree in math from Yale in 1930. After marriage she go on her education at Yale receiving a PHD in math in 1934. She is the first women to achieve this degree from Yale. In 1943 Hopper joined the Navy Reserve. Due to her mathematical degree she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance communicating Project at Harvard. Harvard is where she learned the scheduling of the Mach I computer. Hopper also w orked on the Mach II and Mach III. Hopper helped to make the term computerbug popular when a moth shorted out the Mach II. In 1949 she began working with Remington Rand later a short time with Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. While working at Remington Rand she was over the programming of the UNIVAC. In 1952 COBOL was born, a brain child of the Hopper team.COBOL is a program to where one computer can public lecture to another. Even though Hopper did not invent it she pushed it to be used by all computer companies. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. Hopper returned to the Navy for 19 years to assist in programming and standardizing communication with other computer languages. Hopper retired as a rear admiral in 1986 at the age of 79. She was the oldest serving officer in the Navy. After retiring from the Navy she became bored and coming defend to the computer industry. In 1991 she received the National Medal of Technology. Hopper was the first women to receive such honor. The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in a Computing Conference is a technical conference to get hold of women together to learn programming. Hopper also encourages young people to learn the technique of programming.

Hospital Essay Example for Free

Hospital EssayThis report outlines the redevelopment delivery play at Al Salam Hospital in Mohandseen focusing on the out- forbearing role clinic along with our evaluation of the good on that degree. We visited the infirmary several times and also played the role of perseverings in that location. We made second-stringers and were examined by several resorts (e. g. internal medicine unsex, ear nose and throat, chest and ophthalmology,etc). We also interviewed matchless of the doctors (cardiology) for the purpose of pull a channeling more teaching. We made a reexamine and interviewed some patients to see their evaluation of the service and how it meets their perception. Based on our visits and the interview we made we were able to gain enough information to evaluate the offered service and prepargon our report. This report was prepared by Ban Faisal, Mariam Riad, Nancy Mustafa and Mohamed Magdi Al Kady. Process Description at Al Salam Hospital Al Salam Hospital has 2 buildings, the scratch line virtuoso is located on the main street, is the hospital itself, for surgeries, patient hospitalization and it has the blood rendering lab and x-rays. The sec building which is located on a side street near to the main building is the out-patient clinics.The first step for being examined in unmatchable of the hospitals Out-Patient Clinics, is to select the desire doctor, according to the lastingness and compactable times. The patient can acquire the makeed information finished the hospitals website (http//alsalamhospital. org/reservation. asp), by means of the telephone or through personal inquiry at the hospital. Reservation Details The patient should therefore make a reservation. The reservation can be made either through the telephone or by going directly to the clinics reception.This depends on the doctor, some doctors allow reservation through the telephone and others solely allow reservation to be done directly at the out-patient clini c along with payment. If the patient is making his reservation at the clinic, wherefore he can make it on the selfsame(prenominal) day as the desired time or a few days in advance depending on the availability of appellations. on that point are several payment categories the patients who pay normally, the ones who perplex an insurance that progress tos them a discount (partial or full) and there are members of unions who usually get a partial discount that varies according to the union.Reservation Process The patients head to the reservation area that is set near the main entrance. There are two windows located one for the normal patients and one for the insured ones. The receptionist begins by asking the patient if this is his/her first visit to the hospital, if it is, the receptionist asks for the patients information and a file is created for the patient on the hospitals computer system. The patient tells the receptionist which doctor and when they want to reserve an appoin tment.The receptionist then checks on the computer reservation system if there are either available appointments t the desired time and if not he tell the patient the first available appointment. If the desired appointment is available then in the case of the normal patient, the patient pays and gets a receipt. The patient is given a floor topic (where the examination room is on) and is asked to head there and is advised to give the receipt to the throw who is sitting at a desk on this floor. The nurse then suck ins the receipt and enters the information in a ledger (the days list of patients) she has to organize patients and then gives the patient his number (on a first come first served basis).She checks the patients ID and goes to the register to find the patients medical record. If this was his first visit, she gets a new blank medical form. The medical records are given to the doctor later. If the patient has an insurance or will get a discount the above process is the sam e the difference is that at the time of payment, the patient presents his/her insurance card (or union membership card) to the receptionist who then checks if he has a contract and with which insurance company and the amount of discount he will get.The payment is colonized according to the discount rate and the receptionist finishes the reservation process and gives the patient three sets of papers to sign along with the normal receipt. The papers are for the insurance company or union (One for the hospital, one for the company and one for the patient). The receptionist keeps one of the signed forms and advises the patients to go to the doctor as previously mentioned. If the doctor cancels his appointments for the day the hospital then calls the patients informing them of this change and gives them another appointment.If the patient has made his appointment in an earlier day, before his appointment hell first head to the nurse on the clinics floor to give her his papers and take his number. At the time of the appointment, all patients wait in the waiting area for his/her name to be called by the nurse at the desk that al agile gave him his number on the days list of patients. When the doctor arrives the nurse provides him with the list of patients by their order. She also gives him the medical records of all the patients. After the patients name is called he goes into the doctors office to be examined and describe his/her complaint.The doctor checks the patients medical record, if there is any, to get a clearer background roughly his health. After the examination, the doctor can then give the patient a prescription or orders a few tests to be made, and if needed advises the patient to schedule a follow up consult to check on the progress of the treatment or to check the results of the test. The doctor writes everything down in the medical record (the complaint, diagnosis and commended treatment), the form is given to the nurse to return to the archive at the end of the day.The number of consults may vary depending on the ability of the doctor to pin point the patients illness and the treatments effectiveness. The doctor also has a document where he keeps information about all the patients that he has seen on that day. If tests are required then the hospital offers the lab as a complimentary service to the out-patient clinic. There are two labs one in the outpatient clinic building and one in the hospitals main building. The first step to get the tests done is for the patient to take the papers with the prescribed tests to be registered in the hospitals computer system which is located on the ground floor.The patient will then get a paper which s/he will then take to the nurses sitting at a window located immediately next to the lab, they will take the paper and then tell the patient to go into the lab to be tested. The patient will then be told when his results will be ready to be picked up. The patient can reserve for a consult the sa me way s/he reserve for a regular examination. Go to Appendices 1 2 for more illustration about the service delivery process at the out-patient clinics.Evaluation and Analysis of Al Salam Hospitals proceeds Service concept and characteristics Service ConceptThe hospital should be able to offer all things a patient can need out-patient clinics for examinations, emergency rooms, intensive care units, x-rays and labs, .. etc The employees should feel that they are saving lives not retributory having a normal job. The community should treat the hospital as a crucial facility that they need to help and do what they can to help it operate. The treatment should be as efficient and professional as possible and make the patients feel safe and secure so that they would receive their regular treatments there and recommend it to their families and friends.The bearing of the hospital takes into consideration the devices needed, emergency rooms, moving large objects as beds in corridors and e levators. The interior design is suited to a hospital and allocation of rooms and floors takes into account the psychology of patients (i. e. departments with a high remainder rate like intensive care units and cancer patients should be located away from newly innate(p) babies and incubators). The hospital is marketed based on the names of the doctors working there and how successful they are in treatment. send Market SegmentAL Salam Hospital is a private hospital focusing on bonny and above average-income families. This market is not usually price-sensitive when it comes to healthcare services. This community needs a professional sanitary hospital which they trust to be able to go to for regular examinations, consultations, tests and emergencies The most important segment is of those of the honest-to-god generation because they usually get sick more. However, it is important that the hospital builds it ties of trust with the nodes throughout their whole life. characteristic Ch aracteristics of the Service at Al-Salam Simultaneity It is the fact that services are created and consumed at the same time at the hospital, the patient enters the room, the doctor examines the patient (the customer) and the patient receives this service simultaneously. For example if a patient comes to the hospital and is diagnosed as having a very low blood pressure the doctor will hook the patient to a salt solution IV which will raise the patients blood pressure.PerishabilityThe service is putrescible which means it cannot be stored. If the patient doesnt come at the reserved time, a lost chance has occurred at that time. An hour without patients during a doctors shift can be considered as a lost opportunity and the money that the hospital was supposed to make at that time will neer be compensated. Faced with variable demand and time-perishable capacity to provide the service, the managers of the hospital used the following techniques * smooth demand by using reservations o r appointments Allowed patients to wait. * Accepted more patients than the time capacity. Intangibility Services are ideas and concepts, not products. The patient experiences the service that the doctor offers he doesnt touch it or see it. The intangible record of services presents a problem for customers. When buying a product, the customer is able to see it, feel it, and test its performance before purchase. But for a service, things are different.The doctor tried to overcome this intangibility gambol through making the intangible tangible trying to stop the pain that the customer feels. He did this through examination and then medication. Another way through which the hospital overcame this intangibility feature was the reliance on reputation and word-of-mouth. Al Salam hospital is very well-known by its good reputation and its customers who are rattling at ease with the service delivery system.This two features encourages people to guarantee that when they go to this hospita l, they will be satisfied even though its not a product that they can really see and touch. heterogeneity The combination of the intangible nature of services and the customer as a participant in the service delivery system results in a variation of the service being offered from one customer to customer next at the same doctor, lets take a dentist for instance, each customer might have a different kind of pain and thus, needs a unique method of treatment.On a larger scale each customer needs a certain doctor based on his/her illness. Al Salam hospital offers a variety of doctors with different specializations. Also, there is a cafeteria for patients that provides a variety of regimen and drinks to satisfy as much patients as possible. There is cooked food, biscuits, cheese, sandwichesetc. And as for the drinks there were many kinds of them such as juice, tea, coffeeetc.

Evolution in Skyscraper’s Design Essay Example for Free

Evolution in Skyscrapers Design EssayThe limit skyscraper in early times was commonly used in marine services to describe the high erected mast of a ship. This term was coined later to refer to storey buildings. previously the term referred to very large buildings of ten to twenty storeys but in the recent past the term now includes high-rises of forty to fifty storeys or even more. However, for a building to be termed as a skyscraper, it should be distinct from other surrounding buildings in its striking feature of high elevation and markedly affecting the normal view of skyline when looked across through its high rise due to its thwarter (Moudry, 2005 pp. 16-18). Evolution of skyscrapers Evolution of skyscrapers can be traced back to early Babylonian civilization with the Tower of Babel erected in the Babylon which was the low city to be established after great flood as it is sanctifyn in the Biblical narrative, historical context and other extracanonical sources. Down th e line, there has been erection of some tall buildings in different cities of the public but have not been such remarkable as those from the beginning of nineteenth century.Prior to this time, relatively tall buildings used to exist that basically employed use of masonry as the oldest material. The 19th Century structural system technological developments have been hallmark to the emergence of super tall buildings in the world. These new advancements from masonry which were the oldest material all through steel work era to use of composite wrench have seen the erection of super tall buildings such as the Petronas Towers and the Jin Mao building that we see today.The urban center Hall in Philadelphia is the tallest masonry building in the world. It is 167 M (548 ft). It was completed in 1901 using masonry bricks and stones. But this technique could not easily allow construction of super tall buildings seen in todays world because stone and bricks heavy weights were the limiting factor. The first skyscraper was steel- framed ten storeys known as Your place restitution Building in Chicago built by Illiam Le Barion Jenney, an engineering officer in 1885. Your Home Insurance Building was among the first buildings to use metal for support.After some sixteen years later, the first concrete 15 storey skyscraper known as Ingalls Building in Cincinnati, Ohio was erected by Elzner, O. A. It had integration of perverted steel bars with concrete as frame with slabs and concrete exterior walls (Haverstock et al, 2000 pp. 105-108). This was a remarkable pace in the realm of construction by 20th Century. However, more improvement in concrete engineering has continued to be realized. The innovations of lightweight concrete material enable construction of tall buildings.The One slash Plaza built in Texas in early 1970s which has 52 stories is a good compositors case of tallest lightweight structure in the world. It can be observed that from early skyscrapers constru ctors, the technological evolutions were partly necessitated by the dictates of human needs such as residential and office apartments architectural arrangements so as to worthy people needs wholesomely (Wright, 2007 pp. 77-80). Structural developments have even made it easier to meet these increasingly new demands by innovation of framed tabular structural systems.This has facilitated construction of many stories building. This is because they give three-dimensional robust framework that is able to resist mechanical stresses and compressions. Presently, skyscrapers constructions make use of steel fortify concrete, granite and glass. Many of skyscrapers in ancient times were found in parts o f Chicago, in the raw York and London towards close to 19th Century. Today, skyscrapers are not limited to these regions alone, but are found even in Asian continent.In the New York City, at the beginning of 20th Century it was the center of the Beaux humanistic discipline architectural movem ent that made it so progressive having been graced with great architects that enabled it to be land of outstanding skyscrapers in the world. It is generally observed that skyscrapers since the past were associated with elements of nations power and economic status. This is because the nature of super tall building built largely depends on the financial capabilities, technological advancements and man power which reflects nations supremacy and hence its pride.In about last two decades skyscraper designs are taking latest architectural designs that include former designs but with characteristic features of the geographic elements of where these structures built such as cultural designs interchangeable Arabic arts as exhibited in Burj Dubai skyscraper which is yet to be completed. It is evident that, apart from innovations in structural system, geographical changes also markedly did affect the evolution of skyscraper designing especially in twentieth century. beforehand(predicate) ar chitects of skyscrapers as it can be seen in World Trade Center, as an example, assumed geometrical shapes akin that of a box.

Linguistic Research Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Research EssayWhen does verbiage begin? In the middle 1960s, downstairs the influence of Chomskys vision of linguistics, the world-class electric razor lyric poem researchers assumed that language begins when row (or morphemes) argon have. (The reading by H everyiday has some illustrative citations anxietying this narrow focus on structure. ) So our story begins with what is colloquially experiencen as the two- rallying cry constitute. The transition to 2-word voxs has been called perhaps, the single closely dis dis broadcasted issue in the arena of language development ( rash, 1998).A fewer descriptive points Typically tykeren start to combine words when they atomic number 18 between 18 and 24 months of age. Around 30 months their utterances become more(prenominal)(prenominal) complex, as they ply additional words and also affixes and early(a) grammatic morphemes. These first word-combinations show a number of characteristics. First, they atom ic number 18 systematically simpler than braggy lecture. For instance, function words are generally non employ. Notice that the omission of inflections, such(prenominal) as -s, -ing, -ed, shows that the nestling is being systematic preferably than copying.If they were only if imitating what they heard, in that location is no particular causal agent why these grammatical elements would be omitted. Conjunctions (and), articles (the, a), and prepositions (with) are omitted excessively. alone is this because they require extra processing, which the pincer is non except capable of? Or do they as yet convey nonhing to the infantcan she honor no use for them? Second, as utterances become more complex and inflections are added, we find the famous over-regularizationwhich once again shows, of course, that sisterren are systematic, not simply copying what they here.Chomskys Influence Research on child language was behavioristic in the years that preceded Chomskys critique of Skinner, and his publication of Syntactic Structures though there had been precedents for backdrop problems in the study of child language acquisition at a more abstract, cognitive take by continental scholars nearly notably, Roman Jacobson (e. g. , 1941/1968)much of the research on child language acquisition at midcentury was influenced to a greater or littleer degree by the highly concrete, behaviorist orientation of B. F. Skinner and others. both events were of major important in the change from behaviorist to cognitive thinking in research on child language. The first was Chomskys classic review (1959) of Verbal Behavior, Skinners major harbor-length calculate on the attainment and use of language the second Hand kayoed for Psy 598-02, summer 2001 backpacker Two-Word Utterances 2 was the detailed longitudinal study of the acquisition of English by three young children conducted over a 17-month extent by Roger brownish and others in the early 1960s ( dark-brown, 1973 ). Ritchie, W. C. , Bhatia, T. K. (1999). small fry language acquisition Introduction, foundations, and overview. In W. C. Ritchie T. K. Bhatia (Eds. ), vade mecum of child language acquisition, (pp. 3-30). San Diego Academic Press, p. 3-4 note 2. A child who has directed a language has positive an internal representation of a system of rules (Chomsky, 1965, p. 25). The psychologists task, it follows, is to determine what the childs rules are. The linguist constructing a grammar for a language is in effect proposing a theory concerning the internalized system (Chomsky, 1968, p.23).Up to the 1950s, mass simply amounted characteristics such as objurgate complexity, proportion of grammatical utterances, etc. After Chomsky, the search was on for child grammars, assumed to be universal. Roger Browns Research In 1956 Roger Brown heard Chomsky for the first time, communicate at Yale. In 1962 he began a fin-year research project on childrens language at Harvard University. The hi storical significance of Browns laboratory at Harvard can hardly be exaggerated.The call of students and colleagues who worked with Brown pop up all the time, to this day, in psycholinguistic research the list includes Jean Berko Gleason, Ursula Bellugi, David McNeill, Dan Slobin, Courtney Cazden, Richard Cromer, Jill de Villiers, Michael Maratsos, genus Melissa Bowerman, Eleanor Rosche, Sue Ervin (now Ervin-Tripp), Steven Pinker. Brown garment tabu to write grammars for from each one of the stages of language development, by looking at the distri unless(prenominal)ion of forms and social organization patterns in spontaneous oral communication. In most cases the data allow for more than whizgrammatical description.The description to be preferred, of course, is the oneness that corresponds to the way the speakers linguistic knowledge is structured, the one that determines the pleasings of novel utterance he can produce or understand, how he constructs their meanings, and wha t his intuitions are intimately grammatical hale-formedness (Bowerman, 1988, p. 28) Every child processes the speech to which he is exposed so as to induce from it a possible structure. This latent rule structure is so general that a child can spin out its implications all his life long.The discovery of latent structure is the greatest of the processes involved in language acquisition, and the most difficult to understand (Brown Bellugi, 1964, p. 314) Brown placid samples of spontaneous speech from three children, get ton the pseudonyms pass, Eve, and Sarah. The corpus of collected data can be found in the pugilist Two-Word Utterances 3 CHILDES archive. Eve was visited from age 18m to 26m, Adam from 27m to 42m, Sarah from 27m to 48m. Dan Slobin described the project We paid close oversight to the auxiliary system and to word- rescript patterns, because these had played a cardinal role in Syntactic Structures.We kept track of sentence typesaffirmative, negative, and question sin which use of auxiliaries and word arrangement would vary. Linguistic growth was assessed in terms of things to be added to childish sentences to shamble them adult- standardized the additions of omitted functors (inflections, prepositions, articles, and the like) and transformational operations. We did not categorize utterances in terms of communicative intentthat is, in terms of semantics or speech acts or extended talk skillsand so we did not look for growth in terms of additions or enrichment of such abilities.Our central concern was with syntax and morphology, with some later interest in prosody. We worried rough such questions as whether child grammar was finite domain or transformational, and whether syntactic kernels were the first sentence forms to appear in child speech (Slobin, 1988, p. 11). Mean Length of Utterance This simple measure of syntactic complexity was introduced by Roger Brown. Table 7. Rules for work out mean length of utterance and upper bound (Brow n, 1973, p. 54) 1. Start with the second varlet of the transcription unless that page involves a recitation of some winning.In this latter case start with the first recitation-free stretch. Count the first100 utterances consolatory the hobby rules. 2. Only fully transcribed utterances are used none with blanks. Portions of utterances, entered in parentheses to indicate in question(p) transcription, are used. 3. Include all exact utterance repetitions ( attach with a plus sign in records). Stuttering is puted as repeated efforts at a single word count the word once in the most complete form produced. In the few cases where a word is produced for emphasis or the like (no, no, no) count each occurrence.4. Do not count such fillers as mm or oh, but do count no, yeah, and hi. 5. All compound words (two or more free morphemes), proper names, and ritualized reduplications count as single words. Examples birthday, rackety-boom, choo-choo, quack-quack, night-night, pocketbook, see saw. Justification is that no evidence that the constituent morphemes function as such for these children. 6. Count as one morpheme all irregular pasts of the verb (got, did, went, saw). Justification is that there is no evidence that the child relates these to present forms.7.Count as one morpheme all diminutives ( drop backgie, mommie) because these children at least do not be to use the suffix productively. Diminutives are the standard forms used by the child. 8. Count as separate morphemes all auxiliaries (is, have, will, can, must, would). Also all catenatives gonna, wanna, hafta. These latter counted as single morphemes rather than as going to or take to because evidence is that they function so for the children. Count as separate morphemes all inflections, for example, possessive s, plural form s, third person singular s, regular past d, progressive ing. 9.The roll count follows the above rules but is everlastingly calculated for the total Packer Two-Word Utterances 4 transc ription rather than for 100 utterances. The title of Browns 1973 book, summarizing of a decade of research (his own and other peoples), was A First verbiage The Early levels. A follow-up was planned, describing the later stages, but never written. What is this book about? It is about knowledge knowledge concerning grammar and the meanings coded by grammar. The book primarily presents evidence that knowledge of the kind described develops in an approximately invariant form in all children, through at various rates.There is also evidence that the primary determinants of the tramp are the relative semantical and grammatical complexity (58) here is an early attempt to write a syntactic grammar of two-word speech, first describing only 89 observed utterances (Table 4), thence going beyond the obtained sentences to the syntactic classes they suggest (Table 5) (Brown Fraser, 1964, pp. 59, 61) Packer Two-Word Utterances 5 Browns Two important Findings Two main findings are described in A First Language. 1. The Semantic Look of Stage I Speech First, that the organization of early word-combinations cannot be described in purely syntactic terms.Brown and his coworkers quickly had to change direction. Syntactic descriptions didnt suffice. Thats to say, Stage I constructions couldnt be satisfactorily explained either as telegraphic speech, or in terms of pin-open grammar. Telegraphic Speech One of the first ways of characterizing 2-word utterances was to say that they omitted function words, such as articles, auxiliary verbs, inflexions, prepositions, and the copula (is). The words that are mouth tend to be nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and their aim tends to resemble the order in what one presumes the adult sentence would be.These characteristics make early utterances sound like telegrams. But inflections are omitted too, and these are free in telegrams. And a few functors such as more, no, you and off are found. More important problems are that this description uses adult categories. And it doesnt explain the productive character of childrens two-word utterances. Pivot-Open grammars Martin Braine suggested that children have simple rules they use to generate two-word utterances. Each reduplicate of words selects one from a small set of wordscalled pivotsthat occur in m whatever utterances, and always in a fixed position (either the first word, or the second).For example, Allgone is a first-position pivot allgone egg, allgone shoe, but not shoe allgone. A second-position pivot off shirt off, water off, etc. The choice of the second word is more open. Packer Two-Word Utterances 6 But the rules simply do not fit the evidence pivot words do occur in isolation, pivots occur in combination with one another, sentences longer than two-words are fairly common in I, and there is distributional evidence which indicates that more than two word-classes exist (Brown, 1973, p. 110).Brown and his colleagues noted that adults expand childrens utterances . These expansions dont seem effective in teaching the child anything new (Cazden, 1965). But they do provide important clues to the researcher. If one assumes that adult expansions are generally completed interpretations of the childs utterance, then pivot-open grammars are inadequate because they underestimate the childs knowledge. (Both would simply be described as O + O. ) For example, Lois acme showed that when one attended to context the utterance mommy windsock was used by her child in two different ways.The first could be glossed as Its mommys sock, while the second could be glossed mama is putting on your sock. A pivot-open grammar would not be able to distinguish these two. From Non-Semantic (Lean) Grammars to Semantic (Rich) Grammars So Brown and his co-workers started instead to describe two-word utterances in semantic terms. They employed a process that Lois Bloom called rich interpretation using all the contextual breeding available to infer what the child mean t by an utterance.As Lois Bloom said, military rating of the childrens language began with the prefatory assumption that it was possible to reach the semantics of childrens sentences by considering nonlinguistic information from context and behavior in relation to linguistic performance. This is not to say that the inherent meaning or the childs factual semantic intent was obtainable for any given utterance. The semantic interpretation inherent in an utterance is part of the intuition of the child and cannot be known with authority.The only claim that could be made was the evaluation of an utterance in relation to the context in which it occurred provided more information for analyzing intrinsic structure than would a simple distributional analysis of the recorded corpus (Bloom, 1970, p. 10). The result was the identification of a small set of basic semantic relations that the childrens utterances seems to be expressing. The eight most common of these are summarized in the followi ng table (cf. Brown, p.193-197)Major Meanings at Stage I Two-Word Utterance mommy come public ad nip off system sit drive car eat grape mommy sock baby book go park sit chairman cup table toy floor my teddy mommy dress Semantic relation expressed agent + follow out process + object agent + object action + location entity + location possessor + possession Packer Two-Word Utterances 7 box shiny crayon queen-sized dat money dis telephone entity + attribute demonstrative + entity It seems that children when they first combine words talk about objects pointing them out, naming them, indicating their location, what they arelike, who owns them, and who is doing things to them.They also talk about actions performed by people, and the objects and locations of these actions. Brown suggested that these are the concepts the child has entirely finished differentiating in the sensorimotor stage. This kind of semantic characterization of childrens speech continues in actual research. For ex ample, the following table is redrawn from Golinkoff Hirsh-Pasek, (1999, p. 151. ) The terminology differs a little, and Recurrence and Disappearance have been added (or at least were not in Browns top eight), but other than this the picture is the same.Two-Word Utterance mamma sock Probable meaning expressed Possessor-possessed or Agent (acting on) an object Recurrence Disappearance or Nonexistence Action on object Agent doing an action heading at location Object and property Naming Possible gloss Thats Mommys sock or Mommy, put on my sock I want more juice The outside is allgone (said after front gate is closed) (Dad) is throwing the toy chicken The car is going The sweater is on the chair The dog is little That is Susan or Her name is Susan.More juice Allgone outside Throw chicken Car go Sweater chair Little dog That Susan What Grammar to Write? How to represent the knowledge that underlies childrens utterances viewed in these semantic terms? What kind of grammar can one writ e? Brown (1973) reviewed several possibilities are concluded that No fully uttered grammar proves to be possible (p. 244). Bloom wrote essentially syntactic grammars, which however included information necessary to give an appropriate semantic interpretation.Schlesinger (assigned reading) wrote a semantic grammar. Antinucci Paresi (optional reading) wrote a grammar that included some pragmatic information too. The following is a grammar for one of the three children Bloom studied it consists of (1) the articulate structure, (2) lexico feature rules, and (3) transformations (Bloom, 1970, pp. 67-68) Packer Two-Word Utterances 8 Packer Two-Word Utterances 9Criticism of Interpretive Analysis An interesting criticism of these semantic analyses was made by Howe in 1976. Howe noticed a lack of consistency across semantic categorization of two-word utterances by Bloom, Slobin, Schlesinger and Brown, and suggested that the identification of semantic relations actually tells us more about a dult interpretation of childrens speech that is does about what the child has in mind.Overall, the existence of contradictions between the categories presented in Table 1, the fact that some of the categories are not always mutually exclusive and the fact that it is hard to demonstrate that some of the so-called semantic distinctions are more than syntactic alternatives for expressing the same meaning, make it unlikely that Bloom, Brown, Schlesinger and Slobin have produced an adequate categorization of the meanings common to the speech of children at the beginnings of word combination or indeed of adults.All four writers tacitly assumed that the two-word utterances of young children always express a meaning adults might express using these words and hence their aim was to correct which of the meanings adults might express occur in the first word combinations (Howe, 1976, p. 34). Howe asserted that (as she later put it) there was no evidence that children at the beginning of word c ombination recognize a world containing agents, locations, and so on (Howe, 1981, p. 443). It is interesting to read the next rounds of this debate Bloom, Capatides, Tackeff (1981), Golinkoff (1981), and Howes reply (1981).Bloom is witheringly taunting (and seems to miss the point of Howes article), Golinkoff is more constructive. Howe accepts Golinkoffs suggestion that non-linguistic data will show us how a child understands their situation, and she concludes that so far the research shows that children do not discover that language encodes roles played in actions and states of affairs, as distinct from entities involved in actions and states of affairs, until some time after their first word combinations (451).But Ithink theres a larger point here that Ill explore in class. Browns conclusions about Stage I Brown drew the following conclusions about Stage I The Stage I child operates as if all major sentence constituents were optional, and this does not seem to be because of som e absolute ceiling on sentence complexity. In Stage II and after we shall see that he operates, often for long periods, as if grammatical morphemes were optional. Furthermore, the childs omissions are by no means limited to the relatively lawful omissions which also occur in adult speech.He often leaves out what is linguistically obligatory. This suggests to me that the child expects always to be understood if he produces any appropriate words at all. And in fact we find that he would usually be business in this expectation as long as he speaks at home, in familiar surroundings, and to family members who know his history and inclinations. Stage I speech may then be said to be well adapted to its communicative purpose, well adapted but narrowly adapted. In new surroundings and with less familiar addresses it wouldPacker Two-Word Utterances 10 often fail.This suggests that a major dimension of linguistic development is learning to express always and automatically certain things (agen t, action, number, tighten, and so on) even though these meanings may be in many particular contexts quite redundant. The child who is going to move out into the world, as children do, must learn to make his speech broadly and flexible adaptive (Brown, 1973, p. 244-245).2. The Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes in Stage IIThe second major finding that Brown reported in A First Language was that a set of little words and inflections begins to appear a few prepositions, e supernumeraryly in and on, an casual article, an occasional copula am, is, or are, the plural and possessive inflections on the noun, the progressive, past, and third person present indicative inflections on the verb. All these, like an intricate sort of ivy, begin to grow up between and upon the major construction blocks, the nouns and the verbs, to which Stage I is largely limited (Brown, 1973, p.249).Brown found that the 14 of these grammatical morphemes of English that he selected for detailed study were acqu ired in a fixed and universal order. These are the grammatical morphemes we discussed in an sooner class affixes like s, -ed, PAST, and small function words like on, in, the. Weve already noted that these morphemes are omitted from the first word-combinations. Brown studied the way they are gradually added to a childs speech. This takes place in what he called Stage II.The child begins to explicitly mark notions such as number, specificity, tense, aspect, mood, using the inflections or unbound morphemes. Of course, Brown was studying only three children, but the finding of invariant order has stood up when larger numbers of children have been studied. For example, de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) replicated his finding with a sample of twenty-one children. Brown offered evidence that the order of their acquisition was determined by their linguistic complexity.(Thats to say, the number of features each of them encoded.) (Though he noted too that children differ greatly in their ra te of acquisition of these morphemes. ) Order 1. 2/3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Morpheme present progressive prepositions plural irregular past tense possessive copula uncontractible articles regular past tense third-person present tense regular Example singing playing in the cup on the floor books dolls broke went Mommys chair Susies teddy This is my book The teddyA table walked played he climbs Mommy cooks Packer Two-Word Utterances 11 11. 12. 13. 14.third-person present tense irregular auxiliary uncontractible copula contractible auxiliary contractible tail has three cookies She was going to school Do you like me? Im happy you are special Mommys going shopping Brown examined each utterance is see whether it required any of these morphemes to make it fully grammatical by adult standards, attending to both linguistic and nonlinguistic context. E. g. , when the child points to a book and says that book, Brown inferred that there should have been a copula (s or is) and an article (a).Th en he checked how many of these obligatory positions for each morpheme were actually filled with the appropriate morphemes at each age. Acquisitiondefined as the age at which a morpheme is supplied in 90 percent of its obligatory positionswas remarkably constant across Browns three subjects. Why did Brown study these morphemes? Presumably because they are at first omitted. But more importantly, he was trying to test the hypothesis that children are taught grammar by adults. And Brown found that frequency of exposure (in adult speech) was not a predictor.For example, adults used articles more frequently than prepositions, but children acquired these in the opposite order. Brown suggested that linguistic complexity does predict acquisition. The morphemes differ in both semantic complexity (the number of semantic features encoded) and syntactic complexity (the number of rules each requires). For example, the copula verb encodes both number and temporality. These two types of complexit y are highly correlated, so they cannot be torment apart, but in either case they predict order of acquisition.The other important change that occurs in Stage II is that, as utterances grow in complexity, the child begins to combine two or more of the basic semantic relations from Stage I Adam hit ball = agent + action + object = agent + action, plus action + object The Other Stages of Language Acquisition Each of the five stages that Brown distinguished is named for the linguistic process that is the major new development occurring in that stage (or for an exceptionally elaborate development of a process at that stage p. 59). Thus we have Packer Two-Word Utterances 12.Stage I. Semantic Roles Syntactic Relations. MLU 1. 0 2. 0 agent, patient, instrument, locative etc. expressed (in simple sentences) by linear order, syntactic relations, prepositions or postpositions. Stage II. Grammatical Morphemes the Modulation of Meaning. MLU 2. 0 2. 5 Stage III. Modalities of the saucer-ey ed Sentence. MLU 2. 5 Next the child forms transformations of simple declarative sentences yes-no interrogatives, question request, negation, imperative. During the earlier stages children use intonation to mark different sentence modalities.Now they begin to use morphosemantic devices to mark negatives, questions, and imperatives. Stage IV. Embedding of Sentences One simple sentence will now become used as a grammatical constituent or in a semantic role within another sentence. Stage V. Coordination of Simple Sentences Propositional Relations Sentences are link together with connector words. Individual Differences Brown also noted some individual differences among Adam, Eve, and Sarah. Two of the children combined V with N, and also used N for possession eat meat, throw ball, mommy sock.But the child third combined V (or objects of possession) with pronouns eat it, do this one, my teddy. These two strategies were found by other researchers too. Catherine Nelson called them pronom inal phrase nominal strategies (they have also been called holistic analytic expressive referential), and noted that they could be seen in one-word utterances also some children tend to produce single-word utterances that are nouns, other children tend to use social or personal words such as hi, bye, and please.Subsequent research has explored the connections between these strategies and later development, cognitive style, and gossip differences (cf. Shore, 1995. Individual differences in language development, Sage). However, these strategies converge over time. By MLU=2. 5, sentence subjects (agents) are typically pronominal, and glorify objects (patients) are typically nominal. Packer Two-Word Utterances 13 Directions After Brown By the mid-1970s grammar-writing was dying out. Incorrect predictions had disheartened researchers, as had the problem of indeterminacy the fact that more than one grammar could be written.Interest was growing in other considerations in the role of semantics in cognitive precursors to syntax, and to language in general in mother-child interaction and in the pragmatic uses to which early speech is put. In the view of some people, linguistic structures and operations became neglected. 1. How Does the Child go from Semantics to Syntax? Weve seen that Browns research found that the grammar of childrens early word combinations was pause described in semantic than in syntactic terms. If this is so, how does a child make the transition from a semantic grammar to the adult grammar?Researchers continue to argue about this. Steven Pinker (1984, 1987) suggests that children use semantics to enter the syntactic system of their language. In simple basic sentences the correspondence between things and names maps onto the syntactic category of nouns. Words for physical attributes and changes of state map onto verbs. Semantic agents are almost always the grammatical subjects of sentences. This semantic-syntactic correspondence in early utte rances provides a key to abstract syntactic categories of grammar.Paul Bloom has argued that children actually are using syntactic categories from the start, and he cites as evidence for this the fact that children will they place adjectives before nouns but not pronouns big dog but not * small she Some linguists have offered a syntactic description of Stage I utterances. They argue that at this stage children merely have a lexicon and a limited set of phrase structure rules in deep-structure. They lack functional categories such as INFL (inflectionals) and COMP (complementizers).No transformations exist at this stage instead, elements of the deep structure are assigned thematic (i. e. semantic) roles to yield the surfacestructure. And they have proposed that the lack of grammatical subjects in Stage I utterances reflects the default setting of a null-subject parameter. (Since in languages like Italian and Spanish a subject is optional. ) Lois Bloom (1990b) has suggested that child ren simply have a more limited processing capacity at this age. Sentence subjects are often provided by context, and so can be safely omitted.Dan Slobin has proposed that children create grammars in which clearly identifiable surface forms map onto basic semantic categories (1988, p. 15). Packer Two-Word Utterances 14 For example, locative prepositionsin, on, underare omitted in early child speech. They are used earlier in languages when they are encoded more dramaticlyas noun suffixes or as postpositions following nouns. At the same time, there is a common order of emergence across languages simple topological notions of proximity, containment and support (in, on, under, next to), with locative relations embodying notions of perspective (back, front) always later.Slobin infers that conceptual development provides the content for linguistic expression, while linguistic discovery procedures are necessary for working out the mapping of content according to conventions of particular l anguages (p. 15). Slobin has looked carefully at the English grammatical morphemesand their equivalents in other languagesto see how they are used before they are completely acquired (by Browns 90% criterion). He finds that children generally use the morphemes systematically, though their use is still incomplete by adult standards.For example, a Russian child applied the accusative inflection only to nouns that were objects of direct, physical manipulation, such as give, carry, put, and throw, omitting the accusative for less manipulative verbs such as read and see. Children will place systems of pronouns and case inflections but, to begin with, children will organize these various forms to express particular, child-oriented speech functions (p. 18). They are using the resources of the adult language to mark distinctions that are salient to them.Slobin has also proposed some universal language-learning principles. These are an attempt to explain observed cross-language regulariti es in order of acquisition. harmonize to Slobin, the child has certain concepts, based on cognitive growth, that are expressed through the language system. use certain principles of acquisition, the child scans the language code to discover the means of comprehension and production (Owens, 2001, p. 214-215). 1. Pay attention to the ends of words 2. Phonological forms of words can be systematically modified 3.Pay attention to the order of words and morphemes 4. Avoid interruption and rearrangement of linguistic units 5. Underlying semantic relations should be marked overtly and clearly 6. Avoid exceptions 7. The use of grammatical markers should make semantic sense Knowledge of Verb syntax Lois Bloom asserts that learning the argument structure of verbs, and the syntactic differences for different thematic relations is the foundation for acquiring a grammar. Verbs play a central role in further multiword utterances.Opinions differ, however, on how knowledge of verb syntax is acquire d. Bloom suggests that the first verbs are those that name actions (do, make, push, eat). Nouns and pronouns take thematic roles (agent, object) in relation to these actions. Bloom says that this implies that childrens theories of objects, space, and motive are important here. Packer Two-Word Utterances 15 A few all-purpose verbspro-verbsare used for most early sentences. E. g. , do, go. With these, verb argument structures, verb inflections, and Wh-questions are learned.Subsequently, the child adds the syntax for negation, noun- and verb-inflection, and questions. And then moves on to embedded verb phrases (drink Mommy juice) 2. From Semantics to Semantics Language involves a great deal of categorization. The forms of language are themselves categories, and these forms are linked to a vast lucre of categorical distinctions in meaning and discourse function (Bowerman, 1988, p. 28-29).