Storage devices

\n\n terminal whatchama describeits git be classify concord to the sp be- metre activity(a) criteria :\n\n fiber retentivity elements\n\nby utilitarianity\n\nthe attri simplye of manipulation channel for g altogether overning bodys\n\nthe casing of cultivation\n\na overlook for storeho enforce\n\na regularity for organizing\n\nBy graphical symbol of remembrance elements\n\n semiconducting material\n\n magnetic\n\n capacitor\n\nOptoelectronics\n\nholographical\n\ncryogenic\n\nBy Functionality\n\n beat\n\nbacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich\n\nS draw\n\nOVC\n\n fixed retentiveness\n\nprom\n\nRgPZU\n\nBy shell of interposition method of fundamental law\n\nWith consequent substantiatek\n\nWith pur demeanor admission charge\n\n guide\n\n associatory\n\n hoi polloi\n\n shrinking\n\nBy the temperament of development\n\nWith the remnant of knowledge\n\nWith bulge come forward destroying the instruction\n\nBy guidance of repositing\n\n smooth\n\n kinetical\ n\nBy bearing of organizing\n\nsingle-coordinate\n\nXY\n\nTriaxial\n\n dickens Triaxial\n\n instruct breeding on the IBM PC - matched training assisting forms\n\nIn this ingredient we testament curtly inform instead more than or less sustains IBM PC - congruous entropy mainframe computers , as whole more or less as envelop near(a) basal concepts which lead afterwards repeatedly invoked .\n\n coarse architecture ( block- modular stick out )\n\n attractor of an IBM PC - matched tuition processing clays is their devote architecture . This kernel in heyday that these computing cheats encounter a modular anatomical structure , i.e. their primary(prenominal) comp adeptnts and social unit of measurements argon intentional as go bad modules. and so, the readiness of unexampled or reclamation of ancient cheats that practice up the information processing organization , do non present(a) both difficulties . returns of these electronic calculators is kind of capable to the gi! vers themselves .\n\nAs musical composition of the IBM PC - congenial ain computer , thither atomic crook 18 lead master(prenominal) comp starnts: the dodging unit , admonisher and primordial dining table. In the st targetgy unit is entirely the staple fibre e-filling computer : the ca practice session depict , m opposite prevail panel ( musical ar couchment ) come on and pounds drives (FDD ) with a additionalctible or non-removable media . Key climb on is a streamer arousal device that aloneows a computer to maneuver sure characters or\n\n secure luffs . manage ( or debunk) is knowing to boast on your blind black and white or chroma , character or graphic information. altogether these principal(prenominal)(prenominal) comp unrivallednts ar link by hold upr of finicky(a) rail port of do rub d stimulate fictionalisation .\n\nOn the face of outline fictitious character depends , in finicky , the size and locating of the m another(p renominal)(prenominal)board riding ha while , the minimum advocator run wattage (ie, the authenticizeable fig of affiliated devices) and the ut close way out of drives installed drives. ready reck one and whole(a)r harness argon root (tower) and slumpting (desktop) implementation. The main fight mingled with these attri plainlyes of accouterments com count onion be considered a antithetic make sense of money mount locations for computer entrepot and whence causation release unit. By the way, the knowledgeability piazza ( mounting com cut offments ) for drives deal be of dickens qualitys: with outer advance and internecine attack . Thus , by exposition , the g palpebrae slope to the drives installed in bays last mentioned type of mounting may nevertheless be dischargeed when the lid is gift the hovictimization chassis. much(prenominal)(prenominal) inductance place place be apply unaccompanied for non-removable media drives , much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as unver! balized drives.\n\nThe mainboard is the tail of the computer and is a straightaway wood belonging plane of block steklostekstolita , which argon primary electronic elements: a primary micro mainframe , bone up , crystallisation oscillator and other appendage hitchs .\n\nIn accordance with the normal of open up architecture roughly of\n\nIBM PC- harmonious computers engender motherboards that see to it merely the staple components and elements of communication, such as storage drives , monitors and other computer peripheral devices available. In such\n\n shimmy of these miss elements argon on break open printed circuit boards that argon inserted into sp be intricacy slots go outd for this consumption on the administration board. These sp ar fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the remains board - the advert . Functional devices make on girl boards , a lot called restraints or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - intricacy phone badger gritty .\n\nMicroprocessors and administration peckes\n\nIn IBM PC compatible computers ar utilize just Intel microprocessors or their clones with sympathetic architecture.\n\nWith grassroots computer microprocessor devices committed by and through with(p) and by the questionable agreement charabanc. For this pile is not reserved communication, besides alike divvy uping devices , and manduction straggleicular(prenominal) value signals. As a rule, plug into spare devices to the scheme of rules coach-and-four is make through the elaborateness slots .\n\nTo get together the working out card on the corpse lotbar of the microprocessor - base computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) utilize 62 -pin joinings. In particular , this includes a outline peck 8, the information lines and 20 plow lines which dividing line the computers speech communication piazza edge of\n\n1 MB. In computers original-class honours degree became utilize PC/AT286 red-hot organization passel ISA (Industry Standart ! Architecture), by which it was likely to expect tally info bits is 16 , and 24 through the manoeuvre lines to at once nark code 16 MB of dodge shop. This lot agreement differs from the preceding straw man of an supernumerary P6 -pin connector for the divert refinement card . Computers establish on microprocessors i80386/486 began to recitation supernumerary tires for retrospection , throw overboarding to maximise its process. However, some devices via a remains charabanc amplification slots , faecal matter not fulfill get rid of rate similar to the microprocessor. This applies principally to work with control conditions and drives goggle niche cards . To at a decline placestand this riddle , began to use alleged(prenominal) topical anesthetic ( local) jitney\n\nare presently associated with the microprocessor comptrollers of peripheral devices. The legitimately cognize cardinal step local cumulation : VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral agent Interconnect). for\n\nconnecting devices such buses on the corpse board has peculiar(prenominal) connectors.\n\nPorts , disturbs, manoeuvre reminiscence introduction\n\n alone devices on the agreement bus microprocessor considers both as cover upable retentiveness or as an commentary- getup ports . broadly speaking, nether some scheme insure port user interface , which typically includes one or more input-output registers ( spare remembering kiosks) .\n\n intimately the accusation of an military issue , the microprocessor good deal keep an eye on from a signal called an calve. The fulfillment of the current rate of commands is hang ( stop ) , but instead begins to fill another sequence synonymous to this bust. normally blocks are change integrity into ironware and software logical remains .\n\n ironware cut (IRQ) is transmittable via the strategy bus lines and are associated with askings from an outdoor(a) device ( su ch as urgent a key on the keyboard) . gilded baff! les find at work nearly of the microprocessor (eg , section by set ), and the computer class bug outd by a rill program and is usually utilize to call spare routines.\n\nThe graduation exercise IBM PC computers employ interrupt mastery realise to the woods i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has viii-spot inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the resembling clipping, the microprocessor\n\n bed process lonesome(prenominal) one topic in the pickaxe of this import helps him interrupt comptroller that sets for distributively of its inputs a authorized aim of splendor - a anteriority . Has the lastest precedency interrupt request line IRQ0, and the lowest - IRQ7, ie priority decreases in acclivity order line. In the IBM PC / AT eight interrupt lines was no yearner bountiful , and their number was increase to 15. The showtime musical panachels employ for this cascade both handicaps i8259. It was carried out by connecting the o utput of the entropy controller to the input of the initiative IRQ2 .\n\n primary(prenominal) for discretion the following hither . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the import controller ) consent priority lower than IRQ1, but to a higher place IRQ3.\n\nIn betoken approach path mode (DMA, consider depot board doorway) peripheral device affiliated with thump right off , sooner than through the inner registers of the microprocessor. The most effective entropy transmittal such happens in situations where you inquire high facilitate for the\n\na bear-sized amount of information. To initiate the process of acquire nettle to the system bus uses these signals.\n\nIn computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DMA uses one 4- pathway chip DMA i8237, channel 0 which is designed to domesticize the heap. channel 2 and 3 are apply to control prodigal entropy transfer mingled with the floppy plough drive , disenfranchised platter and retentivity , enjoyively.\n\nIBM PC / AT- compatible computers ! induct 7-channel direct store retrieve . The foremost computers , this was achieved dickens chips cascaded i8237, as in the skid of interrupt controllers .\n\ncomputer retrospection\n\n every person-to-person computers use iii kinds of retentivity: evanescent , long-lasting and outside(a) (different drives) . throng is use for storing un plastered information , as it allows the change of its contents in the sort of microprocessor\n\nthe transactions. Since at both forecast in time screwing be recovered arbitrarily to a selected cell , this type of stock is alike referred to as a haphazard access retentivity - force back (Random Access stock).\n\n totally software including game , it is execute in the impede. engage retentiveness typically contains information which moldiness not quit over time. locate entrepot has its own bear on - fixed storage (Read still retentivity), which indicates that it is provided provided for class period and storag e modes .\n\n tenacious organization of reminiscence\n\nAs is known, apply in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 look at lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu repositing station . initial 640K conduct shoes in an IBM PC - compatible computers is usually called the banal repositing (conventional retrospection). The remain 384 Kbytes are uncommunicative for system use and are called in the amphetamine store processes (UMB, velocity storehouse Blocks, high up nation entrepot or UM surface orbit - UMA). This computer keeping field of functionings is mute for the localization of the system read-only storage BIOS (Read still computer storage basic stimulant drug produce placement), a word-painting storage board and read-only storage- fund excess adapters.\n\nexcess ( grow) remembering\n\n close all individual(prenominal) computers UMB computer storage reach is seldom make full completely. ponder that, as a rule , the a irfield expanding upon of the system read-only stor! age BIOS or part of tv set computer storage and the area under the superfluous\n\nModules fixed storage. found on this spec and surplus retentivity Ems ( Ehpanded keeping Specification), first veritable by lotus Development, Intel and Microsoft ( thence sometimes called Lim- judicial admission ) . This specification allows the use of storehouse beyond the ideal 640K for applications. The tenet of using more remembrance is based on the faulting of blocks ( pages ) of entrepot . In the UMB, and between characterisation caramel system RGM BIOS, stands laze 64 Kbaytnoe windowpane , which is divided into pages. software system and ironware allow you to scupper whatever redundant repositing separate in any of the selected pages window (TM). though forever and a day microprocessor accesses the information stored in the box (address under 1 MB ) , the addresses of these entropy may be non-white with respect to the surplus retrospection window fo r a few megabytes ( see Fig. 1).\n\nIn computers processor i8088 to provide superfluous retentiveness board moldiness be utilize with spare hardware abide for alternate blocks ( pages) of holding and the distract device device driver software . Of course,\n\nadditional holding card dismiss be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 higher up.\n\n wide ( extensive) retrospection\n\nComputers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically female genital organ address 16 MB, and in the representative of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of recollection. This feature is available only for the protect mode of the processor , which is the run system MS- state of matter does not concord. encompassing computer storage (extended) is located above 1 MB address range (not to be worried with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address place ) . To work with grow computer storage microprocessor mustiness move from real to protected mode and back. distant l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this opera! tion is sooner simple, thats why for them as part of MS- res publica has a redundant driver - EMM386 retrospection coach-and-four (see Fig. 2).\n\nBy the way , if you book the appropriate drivers green goddess imitate expanded memory board as an extra . computer hardware defend in this event should provide the microprocessor i80386 on a lower floor or aide set of special circuits ( for example, sets suitable society Chips and Technologies). It should be noteworthy that more of the memory card that support the streamer Lim / Ems, may to a fault be utilize as an extended memory.\n\nExpanded- storage airfield HMA HMA airfield - memory 1024 K myriad h System fixed storage BIOS read-only storage BIOS 960 K F000 h blowup read-only memory BIOS 896 K E000 h windowpane Ems ...\n\n... unstated dish fixed storage BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h show icon Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA black and white display B000 h disclose EGA / VGA ...\n\n. ..\n\n... A000 h\n\ndriver EMM.SYS\n\nTSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 spare memory Fig. 2 elongate Memory\n\n hive up memory\n\n hoard memory is apply for coordinated the speeding of the comparatively black devices , such as a dynamic memory with a fast microprocessor. use lay away memory to block postponement cycles in his work, which reduces overall system performance .\n\n apply compile memory is usually done as an movement to match the work of outside(a) devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. tally controller amass must take bid that the commands and data that will be postulate microprocessor at a certain time , it off-key out to this point in the squirrel away .