Creatinine Lab

Title Creatinine Assay experience To determine the creatinine clearance of a selected neat urine samples by graphical extrapolation from a creatinine curve. Materials and Apparatus University of the West Indies Department of quite a littleonical Medical Sciences Laboratory Manual BC35A, Creatinine Assay, pages 6-8, 2012 Changes to the order The experiment utilized one neat urine samples for concentration determination rather of five aliquots of twenty four instant urine samples.The urine sample and pattern creatinine solutions were analyzed spectrophotometrically approximately five proceedings after they were make up preferably of using the allotted time detachment (minutes) as suggested by the laboratory manual. Results enjoy see attachments. Discussion Creatinine is a chemical substance turn back molecule that is gene sum upd from pass metabolism. It is an anhydride of creatin, the prohibit product of phospho creatin metabolism measurements of its array of urinary excretion be use as diagnostic indicators of kidney function and ponderousness rush. The experiment utilized lineage serum creatinine.Creatinine is filtered prohibited of the short letter by the kidneys (glomerular filtration). There is brusk tubular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, creatinine inventory levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine whitethorn be used to calculate the creatinine clearance which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is clinically important be example it is a measurement of nephritic function . A more(prenominal) complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine on with that of carbamide.BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood carbamide north to creatinine) can prove separate tasks besides those intrinsic to the kidney for example, a urea level raised out of harmonize to the creatinine may forecast a pre-renal problem such(prenominal) as meretriciousness depletion. The representative human reference ranges for serum creatinine ar 0. 5 to 1. 0 mg/dl (about 45-90 ? mol/l) for women and 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg/dl (60-110 ? mol/L) for men. While a baseline serum creatinine of 2. 0 mg/dl (150 ? mol/l) may intimate normal kidney function in a male body builder.The experimental creatinine levels obtained for the straight sample of creatinine is ____________, the determine obtained are sanctifyificantly amplyer than the normal creatinine values for a healthy male or female. Factors that may contribute to the elevated levels of serum creatinine may al get-go a disorder of the kidneys and stricken renal function. These disorders include glomerulonephritis characterized by light of the blood vessels in the kidneys, bacterial infection of the kidneys or pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis, or cell death in the kidneys minute tubes stupefyd by toxic substances.Obstruc tion of the urinary tract, such as with prostate disease or kidney stones, can also set about afflicted kidney function and lead to elevated creatinine levels. join on tendon mint candy indicates increase creatine phosphate, which translates to increased creatinine levels in the blood. Acromegaly and overgrowth are disorders caused by abnormality of the hypophysis gland and can be associated with increased muscle mass also the phthisis of steroidal substances that stimulates an increase in muscle mass.When medical conditions affect normal blood flow to the kidneys, renal function becomes impaired thus increasing creatinine levels in the blood. Shock, or a sudden critical ignore in blood flow to the body, compromises renal status because the kidneys are not cosmos nourished. Dehydration causes reduced renal blood flow, as well. In people with congestive heart failure, the heart is not adequately pumping blood towards the kidneys and new(prenominal) organs. Atherosclerosis, or dwindling of the arteries, and diabetic nephropathy are other conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys.Precautions/Sources of computer error 1. The experiment utilize spectrophotometric machines that are fictile to light interfence from the external environment and snag from glasswork that is not properly cleaned, this may cause inexact readings. 2. Contamination of serum standard solutions of creatinine may give inaccurate readings when using the spectrophotometric machines, hence contamination should be prevented by using clean glassware and wearing all the protected enclothe that is applicable. Questions a) Factors that may contribute to varying creatinine levels include (1)The most common abnormality in a creatinine blood level is a change in kidney function. The kidneys are sedate of around a million filters for severally kidney, called nephrons. Each of these nephrons contains tubular structures that accomplish the filtering of drive out materials and the re-absorption of necessary materials in the blood that passed done the nephrons. Most creatinine is normally filtered out along two structures called the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule, maintaining the low levels of creatinine in the blood.A rise in creatinine blood levels indicates that this filtration is not taking place, suggesting there is a problem with kidney function. (2) Creatinine levels can be bear upon by transient or non-disease factors that are not kidney malfunction. Bodybuilders, because of the excess of muscular create from raw material that creates creatinine, willing typically have high levels of creatinine. Severe dehydration will cause high than normal creatinine. Eating a great deal of meat full hours before blood is drawn can elevate creatinine levels.Some drugs will cause higher than normal creatinine blood levels. These causes are govern out before a find out up test to determine the cause of elevated creatinine. Low creatinine levels may in dicate muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis. (3) Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy, the cause of which is poorly understood. Elevated creatinine may indicate preeclampsia in pregnant women, in particular women on their first pregnancy. Untreated preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a good seizure disorder.Elevated creatinine in conjunction with lump of the hands and face is an early sign of preeclampsia. Later signs may include decided headache, pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, short urination, agitation and nausea. 2b) The join of creatinine the body produces individually day depends on the persons muscle mass a young, muscular man produces more creatinine than a average non athletic male. Because muscle mass normally changes very little, creatinine is ordinarily produced at about the same rate every day in individually person.However, if continuous exercise is performed as in the case of an athlete the muscle employs the creatine phosphate me tabolism more a great deal and hence more creatine and creatinine is metabolized which will eventually increase the muscle mass of the individual. Athletes may also ingest creatine which will stimulate the production of creatinine in the body and will contribute to an increase in muscle mass. 2c) The blood urea test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.Urea is a by-product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. commonplace human great(p) blood should contain between 7 to 21 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (721 mg/dL) of blood. BUN is an indication of renal health. Normal ranges 2. 5-6. 5mmol/L. If Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood volume then BUN will increase. refinement The experimental results indicate that there was a elevated serum creatinine level that was t o a higher place the normal levels.Elevated serum concentration may indicate impaired liver function. The serum creatinine level was found to be ______________. References 1. Delanghe J De Slypere JP, De Buyzere M, Robbrecht J, Wieme R, Vermeulen A (Aug 1989). Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians. Retreived October 3, 2012. 2. The creatine-creatinine equilibrium. The unornamented dissociation constants of creatine and creatinine. Retrieved October 3, 2012. 3. International indian lodge of Sports Nutrition position stand creatine supplementation and exercise. October 3, 2012.